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Home Dictionary Name: p c Page: 2Interlocutory order
Interlocutory order, it has to be construed in con-tradiction to or in contrast with final order. It means not a final order, but an intermediate order. It is made between the commencement of an action and the entry of the judgment, V.C. Shukla v. C.B.I., AIR 1980 SC 962 (976). (Order XXXIX, Rule 6, CPC, 1908)The term 'interlocutory order' in S. 397(2) of the 1973 Code (Cr. P.C.) has been used in a restricted sense and not in any broad or artistic sense. It merely denotes orders of a purely interim or temporary nature which do not decide or touch the important rights or the liabilities of the parties. Any order which substantially affects the right of the accused, or decides certain rights of the parties cannot be said to be an interlocutory order so as to bar a revision to the High Court against that order, because that would be against the very object which formed the basis for insertion of this particular provision in S. 397 of the 1973 Code, Amar Nath v. State of Haryana, AIR 1977 ...
Bargain and sale
Bargain and sale, A contract for the sale of real or personal property of any kind operating under the Statute of Uses as a conveyance of the land, or at Common Law, from early times of goods sold without delivery, the vendor of land being held originally to possess or be seised of the property to the use of the purchaser. In the case of goods the Common Law rule was and is that the property may be transferred by the contract if the parties so intend [see Ogg v. Shuter, (1875) LR 10 CP at p.162; and (English) Sale of Goods Act, 1893, s. 20]. In the case of land a similar result was effected by the Statute of Uses (27 Hen. 8, c. 101), which attached the property to the use and turned it into a legal estate. No formalities were required for a bargain and sale of lands until 27 Hen. 8, c. 16, required that bargains and sales of any estate of inheritance must be by deed enrolled within six months in the records of one of the King's Courts at Westminster. The devise of a lease and release (...
Reference
Reference was the sending of any matter of inquiry by the Court of Chancery to a chief clerk, a taxing master, or a conveyancing counsel, that he might examine it and certify the result to the court. References in cases involving matters of account were also frequently made to the masters of the Courts of Common Law under the (English) C.L.P. Acts.The Judicature Acts and rules did not repeal the powers of reference to masters under the Common Law Procedure Acts [[(English) Judicature Act, 1873, s. 83] (see now (English) Jud. Act, 1925, s. 125), but made provision for attaching to the Supreme Court permanent official referees, and four official referees were appointed shortly before that Act came into operation. To any of such official referees, or to a special referee, questions arising in an action may, by (English) Jud. Act, 1925, ss. 88, 89, be referred: (1) subject to the right to a jury, for inquiry and report; or (2) where the parties consent, and also without such consent in any...
Husband
Husband, means a Parsi husband. [Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936 (3 of 1936) s. 2(5)]A married man; a man who has a lawful wife living, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 746.Husband, the expression husband cover a person who enters into marital relationship and under the colour of such proclaimed or feigned status of husband subjects the woman concerned to cruelty or coerces her in any manner or for any of the purposes enumerated in the relevant provisions ss. 304B/498A, whatever be the legitimacy of the marriage itself for the limited purpose of s. 498A and 304B, I.P.C. The absence of a definition of 'husband' to specifically include such persons who contract marriages ostensibly and cohabit with such woman, in the purported exercise of their role and status as 'husband' is no ground to exclude them from the purview of s. 304B or 498A, I.P.C. viewed in the content of very object and aim of the legislations introducing those provisions [Indian Penal Code, 1860, ss. 498A and 304...
Court
Court, compensation officer appointed under (English) Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950 is not a 'Court' within the meaning of s. 195(1)(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code 1973, Keshab Moroyan Banerjee v. State of Bihar, AIR 2000 SC 485 (490). [Bihar Land Reforms Act (30 of 1950), s. 19]Court, means the principle civil court of original jurisdiction in a district and including the High Court in exercise of the ordinary original civil jurisdiction, having jursidiction to decide the questions forming the subject matter of suit, but does not incude any civil court of a grade inferior to such civil court or any court of small causes.S. 2(*) Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, Raipur Development Authority v. Sarin Construction Company, Raipur, AIR 2006 Chattisgarh 12.The tribunal which is to exercise the jurisdiction for executing the decree in question is 'a court' within the scope of s. 45C of the Banking Companies Act, Ram Narain v. Simla Banking and Industrial Co. Ltd., AIR 1956 S...
Misbehaviour
Misbehaviour, Word 'misbehaviour' used in cl. 2 of Inquiries Act is not vague; it would certainly mean a lapse from proper standard of conduct in discharge of functions as a government servant. Every dishonest act of government servant amounts to 'misbehaviour', R.P. Kapur v. S. Pratap Singh Kairon, AIR 1964 SC 295: (1964) 4 SCR 204. (Inquires Act, Cl. 2)The word 'misbehaviour' is a vague and elastic word and embraces within its sweep different facets of conducts as opposed to good conduct. Literally, it means wrong conduct or improper conduct. It has to by construed with reference to the subject-matter and the context wherein the term occurs having regard to the scope of the Act or the statute under consideration. In the context of disciplinary proceedings against a solicitor, the word misconduct was construed as professional misconduct extending to conduct 'which shows him to be unworthy member of the legal profession', C. Ravichandra Iyer v. Justice A.M. Bhattacharjee, (1995) 5 SCC ...
Notice
Notice, the making something known to a person of which he was or might be ignorant. Notice is either (1) statutory; (2) actual, which brings the knowledge of a fact directly home to the party; or (3) constructive or implied, which is no more than evidence of facts which raise such a strong presumption of notice that equity will not allow the presumption to be rebutted. [S. 154, I.P.C. and Art. 61(2)(a) const. 56 Indian Evidence Act]Constructive notice may be subdivided into: (a) where the facts of which actual evidence is supplied give rise to a further enquiry which a man exercising ordinary caution would make equity has added constructive notice of the facts, which that inquiry would have elicited; and (b) where there has been a designed abstinence from inquiry for the very purpose of avoiding notice. See CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE.A purchaser with notice may protect himself by purchasing the title of another bona fide purchaser for a valuable consideration without notice; for, otherwise, ...
Election Commission
Election Commission, 'Election Commission' means the Election Commission referred to in Article 324. [Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991 (1 of 1992), s. 2(d)]Means the Election Commission appointed by the President under article 324. [Representation of the People Act, 1950, s. 2 (d)]The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only in the like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of a Supreme Court; his conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. An Election Commissioner or Regional Commissioner can be removed from office only on the recommendations of the Chief Election Commissioner. [Constitution of India, Art. 394(5)]Is a Constitutional body in India, created for the pur-pose of holding elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and Offices of President and Vice-President. [Constitution of India, Art. 324]Can disqualify a person for six years from voting on ground of conviction for certain offences. [Representati...
Necessaries
Necessaries, a relative term, not strictly limited to such things as are absolutely requisite for support and subsistence, but to be construed liberally, and varying with the state and degree, the rank, fortune, and age of the person to whom they are supplied, Wharton v. Mackenzie, (1845) 5 QB 606. It has often been held that an infant is bound to pay a reasonable price for such necessary things as relate to his maintenance and education--as food, lodging, apparel, medical attendance, schooling and instruction--unless credit be given solely to the parent, which is presumed to be the fact it if appears that the infant was placed at school or is supported by him: see Co. Litt. 172 a; Ryder v. Wombwell, (1868) LR 4 Ex. 32; Barnes v. Toye, (1884) 13 QBD 410; Roberts v. Gray, (1913)1 KB 520; and INFANT.Where 'necessaries,' that is, goods suitable to the condition in life' of an infant, 'and to his actual requirements at the time of the sale and delivery,' 'are sold and delivered to an infan...
Such court
Such court, 'Such Court' means in the context of that rule the Court in which the suit is pending. In other words, the suit must be one not only pending in that Court but also one against the holder of a decree of that Court, Shaukat Hussai alias Ali Akram v. Bhuneshwari Devi, AIR 1973 SC 528 (532): (1972) 2 SCC 731: (1973) 1 SCR 1022. (C.P.C., 1908, O. 21 R. 29)(ii) The words 'such Court' used in s. 195(1)(c) mean the very Court before which a party to a proceeding in that Court has produced or tendered in evidence a document in respect of which the offence is alleged to have been committed. Clause (c), means that it is that Court before which there is a proceeding and a party to such a proceeding is said to have committed an offence in respect of a document produced or tendered in evidence by him, on whose complaint the offence can be taken cognizance of, Nirmaljit Singh Hoon v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1972 SC 2639 (2651): (1973) 3 SCC 753: (1973) 2 SCR 66. [Criminal PC, (5 of 1898...
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