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Vicarious responsibility

guilt, if any, and the act are collectively the principal's, and his responsibility. Qui facit per alium facit per se.

Mokurrari istimarari

the persons to whom the grant was made or permanent as regards hereditary character. The words do not per se convey an estate of inheritance

Storage

in a vehicle would be a matter of fact in each case. Carrying goods in a vehicle cannot per se be 'storing' although it may be quite possible that a vehicle is used as a store, Bijoya Kumar

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Restrictive trade practice

the rule of reason and not on the doctrine that any restriction as to area or price will per se be a restrictive trade practice. Every trade agreement restrains or binds persons or places or prices. The question

Or is otherwise unfit for human consumption

the mere proof of the article of food being 'filthy, putrid, rotten, decomposed.... or insect infested' would be per se sufficient to bring within the purview of the word 'adulterated' as defined in sub-clause (f) and it would

Occupation

students, must necessarily be regarded as an occupation, even if there is no element of profit generation education per se, will fall under any of the four expressions in Article 19(1)(g). 'Occupation' would be an activity of a

Negligence

continued negligence, criminal negligence, gross negligence, hazardous negligence, active and passive negligence, willful or reckless negligence or negligence per se, Poonam Verma v. Ashwin Patel, (1996) 4 SCC 332: AIR 1996 SC 2111. Negligence, is a tort, State

Must or shall

or negative language, it can rarely be directory, the use of peremptory language in a negative form is per se indicative of the intent that the provision is to be mandatory, Lachmi Narain v. Union of India, AIR

Moral turpitude

killing a person is normally attributed to a feeling of hurt or revenge; an act of personal vendetta. Per se an act of murder will not come within the broad concept of 'moral turpitude' as interpreted by courts,

Arbitrary

Every State action must be informed by reason and it follows that an act uniformed by reason is per se arbitrary, Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd. v. CTO, (2005) 1 SCC 625 (634). (Constitution of India, Art. 14)

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