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Roman Catholics. Very severe laws, commonly called the penal laws, were passed against Roman Catholics, generally under the name of Papists (see that title), after the Reformation, an Act of Elizabeth, for instance, 13 Eliz. c. 2, punishing with the penalties of a pr'munire (see that title) any person bringing into this country any Agnus Dei, cross, picture, etc., from Rome; an Act of James, 3 Jac. 1, c. 5, penalizing the sale or purchase of Popish primers; and an Act of William and Mary (11 & 12 Wm. 3, c. 4), punishing any Papist assuming the education of youth with imprisonment for life. Exclusion from Parliament was effected by the requirement of the Declaration against Trans-ubstantiation (see TRANSUBSTANT- IATION) from members of either House by 30 Car. 2, s. 2, and disfranchisement by the requirements of the Oath of Supremacy by 7 & 8 Wm. 3, c. 27, s. 19; while 7 & 8 Wm. 3, c. 24, effected (until 1791) exclusion from the profession of barrister, attorney, or solicitor by requirin...
Establishment
Establishment, includes a shop, commercial estab-lishment, workshop, farm, residential hotel, restaurant, eating house, theatre or other place of public amusement or entertainment. [Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, s. 2(iv)]1. The act of establishing, the state or condition of being established, 2. An institution or place of business, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 566.It includes any place where any industry is carried on [and where an establishment consists of different departments or have branches, whether situated in the same place or at different places, all such departments or branches shall be treated as part of that establishment. [Apprentices Act, 1961 (52 of 1961), s. 2(g)]It means a corporation established by or under a Central, Provincial or State Act, or an authority or a body owned or controlled or aided by the government or a local authority or a Government company as defined in s. 617 of the Companies Act 1956 and includes Departments of a Gove...
Parish Council
Parish Council. Established by the Local Govern-ment Act, 1894, s. 1 (see now Local Government Act, 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5, c. 51), ss. 43-55), for every rural parish i.e., (every parish in a rural sanitary district) having a population of 300 or upwards, the county council having also power to group parishes under a common parish council, and being bound to establish a parish council if the parish meeting of a parish having a population of 100 or upwards so resolve, and having power to establish one with the consent of the parish meeting if the population be less than 100.The parish council is elected from among the parochial electors, or persons who have resided for twelve months in the parish or within three miles of it. The number of councillors is fixed by each county council within the limits of five and fifteen members. The term of office, which was by the Act of 1894 one year, was altered to three years by the Parish Councillors (Tenure of Office) Act, 1899, by which the councill...
Railway
Railway. A road owned by a private person or public company on which carriages run over iron rails; if the road is a public highway, that part of it on which the rails are laid is called a tramway. Every railway in this country (except a few private railways running through land owned by the owner of the railway) is constructed and managed (1) under a local and personal Act of Parliament; and (2) under the Companies Clauses, Lands Clauses, and Railways Clauses Consolidation Acts; and (3) under the general Acts relating to railways. The (English) Railway Act, 1921, provides for the reorganization of almost all the railways in England.Railway Companies as Carriers, The powers of railway companies as carriers are given by the 86th section of the Railways Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, and controlled by the (English) Railway and Canal Traffic Acts of 1854, 1873, and 1888. The (English) Act of 1845, s. 86, enacts that:-It shall be lawful for the company [authorized (see s. 3) by the speci...
High Steward, Court of the Lord
High Steward, Court of the Lord, a tribunal instituted for the trial of peers or peeresses indicted for treason or felony, or for misprision of either, but not for any other offence. The office of Lord High Steward is very ancient, and was formerly hereditary, or held for life, or dum bene se gesserit; but it has been for many centuries granted pro hac vice only, and always to a lord of Parliament. When, therefore, such an indictment is found by a grand jury of freeholders in the King's Bench, or at the assizes before a judge of oyer and terminer, it is removed by a writ of certiorari into the Court of the Lord High Steward, which alone has power to determine it.The sovereign, in case a peer be indicted for treason, felony, or misprision, appoints a Lord High Ste-ward pro vice, by commission under the Great Seal, which, reciting the indictment so found, gives him power to receive and try it secundum legem et consuetudinem Angli'. When the indictment is regularly removed by certiorari, ...
Workmen
Workmen, if a person is mainly doing supervisory work, but, incidentally or for a fraction of the time, also does some clerical work, it would have to be held that he is employed in supervisory capacity; and, conversely, if the main work done is of clerical nature, the mere fact that some supervisory duties are also carried out incidentally or as a small fraction of the work done by him will not convert his employment as a clerk into one in supervisory capacity, Ananda Bazar Patrika (P) Ltd. v. The Workmen, (1970) 3 SCC 248.Those earning their livelihood by manual labour.Workmen's Dwellings.-See HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES.As to facilities for small dwellings not exceeding a rateable value of 100l. a year see (English) Settled land Act, 1925, ss. 57, 107 and 117. See LABOURERS' DWELLINGS.Workmen (Unemployed).-The Local Government Act, 1929 (19 Geo.5, c. 17), s. 12, repealed the Unemployed Workmen Act, 1905, which established distress committees, whose functions were to ascertain con...
Chief whip
Chief whip, in the Indian Parliament the chief whip of the Government party in Lok Sabha is the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs; he directly responsible to the leader of the House and advisers the Government on Parliamentary business. He ensures quorum in the House and advices the Government on Parliamentary business. He ensures quorum in the House and that adequate number of members of the party are present at the time of voting and sends advance intimation through the familiar system of ordinary one, two and three line whips. He selects the speakers from his party and also the members for select committees etc. In the Rajya Sabha, the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs holds the position of Chief Whip of the Government party. Practice and Procedure of Parliament, M.N. Kaul and S.L. Sakdhar, 5th Edn., 2001, p. 148.The Government whip performs the most important duties, he is officially designated as Parliamentary secretary to the Treasury and his main work is the organizati...
Company
Company [fr. compagnia, Ital., which word is still printed on Bank of England notes as 'compa'], a body of persons associated for purposes of busi-ness, sometimes, but not now so frequently as some years ago, styled a Joint Stock Company.A company has its origin either (1) in a charter, as the Bank of England and many insurance companies; or (2) in a special Act of Parliament, with which, as authorizing an undertaking of a public nature such as a railway, the Companies Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 16), is necessarily incorporated; or (3) in registration under the Companies Acts, 1862 and subsequent Acts, now consolidated into the (English) Companies Act, 1925 (19 & 20 Geo. 5, c. 23).By s. 13 of the Act of 1925 (1) on the registration of the memorandum of a company the registrar shall certify under his hand that the company is incorporated and, in the case of a limited company, that the company is limited. (2) From the date of incorporation mentioned in the certificat...
Joint sitting
Joint sitting, is a joint sitting of both Houses of a bicameral legislature for setting a disagreement, Office of the Speaker in the Parliaments of Commonwealth, Wilding and Philip Laundry, p. 412.In U.K., there is no provision for joint session of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In Australia, a joint meeting of both Houses of Parliament is held for the purpose of settling a disagreement between them or where it is necessary that a majority of both Houses sitting together should be obtained before changes can be made to the Constitution or certain types of legislation passed, Office of the Speaker in the Parliaments of Commonwealth, Wilding and Philip Laundry, p. 412....
parliamentarian
parliamentarian 1 : an expert in the rules and usages of a parliament or other deliberative assembly ;specif often cap : an officer of a legislative body acting as adviser to the presiding officer on matters of procedure NOTE: The parliamentarian of the U.S. House of Representatives is appointed by the Speaker of the House. The Secretary of the Senate appoints the Senate's parliamentarian with approval of the majority leader. 2 : a member of a parliament ...
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