Independent Persons - Page 2 - Law Dictionary

Tort

Tort [fr. tortus, Lat.], an injury or wrong independent of contract, as by assault, libel, malicious prosecution, negligence, slander, or trespass (see those titles). Actions are divided into actions in contract and actions in tort: see as to county Court jurisdiction in actions of tort when claim is under 100l. (except libel, slander seduction). See County Courts Act, 1934, s. 40, and as to costs of actions of tort commenced in High Court which could have been commenced in County Court, see s. 47, and COUNTY COURT. An action founded on tort was Tort [fr. tortus, Lat.], an injury or wrong independent of contract, as by assault, libel, malicious prosecution, negligence, slander, or trespass (see those titles). Actions are divided into actions in contract and actions in tort: see as to county Court jurisdiction in actions of tort when claim is under 100l. (except libel, slander seduction). See County Courts Act, 1934, s. 40, and as to costs of actions of tort commenced in High Court whic...

Undue influence

Undue influence, Any influence, pressure, or domination in such circumstances that the person acting under that influence may be held not to have exercised his free and independent volition in regard to the act.As to gifts, see title SPIRITUALISM and Lyon v. Home, (1868) LR 6 Eq 655, and as to wills, see Parfitt v. Lawless, (1872) LR 2 P&M 462.In the case of benefits or advantages obtained in certain relationships, the existence of this influence is presumed, e.g., guardian and ward, a parent over a child upon or soon after attaining age and the possession of property, a guide or instructor, medical advisers, ministers or professors of religion, managers of business [Coomber v. Coomber, (1911) 1 Ch 174], attendants upon or advisers of aged and infirm people. In such cases, in regard to transactions inter vivos, the onus of proving absence of undue influence lies on the person claiming the benefit of the disposition or act, and in some cases, e.g., gifts by clients to their solicitors (...

Master, servant and independent contractor

Master, servant and independent contractor, A master is one who not only prescribes to the workman the end of his work, but directs or at any moment may direct the means also, or, as it has been put, 'retains the power of controlling the work', a servant is a person to the command of his master as to the manner in which he shall do his work............An independent contractor is one who undertakes to produce a given result but so that in the actual execution of the work he is not under the order or control of the person for whom he does it, any may use his own discretion in things not specified beforehand............' (Pollock on Torts), Shivanandan Sharma v. Punjab National Bank Ltd., AIR 1955 SC 404 (409)....

agent

agent 1 : someone or something that acts or exerts power : a moving force in achieving some result 2 : a person guided or instigated by another in some action [where the heads of departments are the political…s of the executive, merely to execute the will of the president "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)"] see also innocent agent 3 a : a person or entity (as an employee or independent contractor) authorized to act on behalf of and under the control of another in dealing with third parties see also agency, fiduciary relationship, subagent compare fiduciary, principal, servant apparent agent : an agent acting under an agency by estoppel bar·gain·ing agent : a labor union that represents the employees in a bargaining unit in negotiating with their employer through collective bargaining business agent : an agent that handles business affairs for another person or organization ;esp : a paid official of a union who carries on union business between the employ...

Quo warranto

Quo warranto, a writ issuable out of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, in the nature of a writ of right for the Crown against him who claims or usurps any office, franchise, or liberty to inquire 'by what authority' he supports his claim, in order to determine the right. It lies also in case of non-user or long neglect of a franchise, or mis-user or abuse of it, whereby it is forfeited.This proceeding was, until 1872, the one generally adopted for the purpose of trying the right to be elected to municipal offices, but the (English) Corrupt Practices (Municipal Elections) Act, 1872, by s. 12, replaced by the (English) Municipal Corporations Act, 1882, s. 87 [see now s. 71 of the (English) Local Government Act, 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5, c. 51)], substituted an election petition in the cases where an election is sought to be questioned on the ground of bribery, etc., disqualification, or undue return. By s. 84 of the Act of 1933, proceedings must be instituted within six...

free

free 1 a : having the legal and political rights of a citizen [representatives…shall be determined by adding to the whole number of persons "U.S. Constitution art. I"] b : enjoying civil and political liberty [a people] c : enjoying political independence or freedom from outside domination [these united colonies are, and of right ought to be and independent States "Declaration of Independence"] d : not subject to the control or domination of another 2 : made or done as a matter of choice and right : not compelled or restricted [no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof "U.S. Constitution amend. I"] [a and voluntary confession] 3 : relieved from or lacking a burden (as a lien or other encumbrance on title) [a buyer in ordinary course of business…takes of a security interest created by his seller "Uniform Commercial Code"] 4 : not bound, confined, or detained by force [ on bail] 5 a : having no trade restrictions b : not ...

free

free 1 a : having the legal and political rights of a citizen [representatives…shall be determined by adding to the whole number of persons "U.S. Constitution art. I"] b : enjoying civil and political liberty [a people] c : enjoying political independence or freedom from outside domination [these united colonies are, and of right ought to be and independent States "Declaration of Independence"] d : not subject to the control or domination of another 2 : made or done as a matter of choice and right : not compelled or restricted [no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the exercise thereof "U.S. Constitution amend. I"] [a and voluntary confession] 3 : relieved from or lacking a burden (as a lien or other encumbrance on title) [a buyer in ordinary course of business…takes of a security interest created by his seller "Uniform Commercial Code"] 4 : not bound, confined, or detained by force [ on bail] 5 a : having no trade restrictions b : not ...

Sovereign

Sovereign, a chief or supreme person. See Chit.Stat., tit. 'Crown,' and KING. Also, a gold coin of the value of twenty shillings; see Coinage Act, 1870.1. A person, body, or state vested with independent and Supreme authority 2. Ruler of an independent state, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 1401.The term sovereign means a political superior who is not subject to any other political superior, AIR 1953 Pat 1(4)....

habeas corpus

habeas corpus [Medieval Latin, literally, you should have the body (the opening words of the writ)] : any of several writs originating at common law that are issued to bring a party before the court ;esp : habeas corpus ad subjiciendum in this entry [the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it "U.S. Constitution art. I"] habeas corpus ad fa·ci·en·dum et re·ci·pi·en·dum [-ad-fa-sē-en-dəm-et-ri-si-pē-en-dəm, -fa-shē-en-; -Ä d-fÄ -kē-en-dm-et-rā-kē-pē-en-dm] [New Latin, literally, you should have the body for doing and receiving] : habeas corpus cum causa in this entry habeas corpus ad pro·se·quen·dum [-ad-prÄ -si-kwen-dəm, -Ä d-prō-sā-kwen-dm] [New Latin, literally, you should have the body for prosecuting] : a writ for removing a prisoner for trial i...

Contractor

Contractor, means a person who undertakes to produce a given result for any establishment, other than a mere supply of goods or articles of manufacture, by the employment of building workers or who supplies building workers for any work of the establishment; and includes a sub-contractor. [Buildings and other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service Act, (27 of 1996), s. 2(g)]In relation to an establishment, mans a person who undertakes to produce a given result for the establishment, other than a mere supply of goods or articles of manufacture to such establishment, through contract labour or who supplies contract labour for any work of the establishment and includes a sub-contractor. [The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 (37 of 1970), s. 2 (1) (c)]In relation to an establishment, means a person who undertakes (whether as an independent contractor, agent, employee or otherwise) to produce a given result for the establishment, other t...

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