General Finding - Law Dictionary Search Results
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Shall, a word of slippery semantics in a rule is not decisive and the context of the statute, the purpose of the prescription, the public injury in the event of neglect of the rule and the conspectus of circumstances bearing on the importance of the condition have all to be considered before condemning a violation as fatal, State of Punjab v. Shamlal Murari, (1976) 1 SCC 719.Shall, does not always mean that an act is obligatory or mandatory and it depends upon the context in which the word 'shall' occurs and the other circumstances, Ramnath Narayana Mauzo of Margoa v. Union Government of India, AIR 1968 Goa 85.Shall, does not always mean that the enactment is obligatory or mandatory. It depends upon the context in which the word shall occurs and the other circumstances, State of Madhya Pradesh v. Azad Bharat Finance Co., (1966) (Supp) SCR 473: (1967) 1 SCJ 815.Shall, in a statute, though generally taken in a mandatory sense, does not necessarily mean that in every case it shall have th...
New trial
New trial. If any defect of judgment happen from causes wholly extrinsic, i.e., arising from matters foreign to or dethors the record, the only remedy the party injured by it has (except formerly error coram nobis or vobis in some few cases) is by applying to the Court for a new trial, which is in substitution for a bill of exceptions. But the Court must be satisfied that there are strong probable grounds to suppose that the merits have not been fairly and fully discussed, and that the decision is not agreeable to the justice and truth of the case before they will grant a new trial.The following is a summary of the cases in which a new trial may be granted. They are all subject to the rule that in an action of contract, unless some right independent of the damages be in question, the amount in dispute must be 20l. at least for the Court to interfere.(1) Mistakes, etc., of a judge. If a judge misdirect a jury, even in a penal action, it is generally a good ground for a new trial. So if ...
Record
Record, a memorial or remembrance; an authentic testimony in writing contained in rolls of parchment, and preserved in a Court of record. The public records of the kingdom are placed under the superintendence of the Master of the Rolls, and a Record Office established by the (English) Public Record Office Act, 1838 (1 & 2 Vict. c. 94). The (English) Public Record Office (commonly called the Rolls Office) is a large building in Chancery Lane, London, and was opened in 1902.There are three kinds of records, viz.: (1) judicial, as an attainder; (2) ministerial, on oath, being an office or inquisition found; (3) by way of conveyance, as a deed enrolled. As to ancient public records generally, see Hubback on Succession, pp. 607 et seq.The Record Offices of the Supreme Court are now merged in the Central Office there. See (English) R.S.C. Ord. LXI.Also the general name given to (a) pleadings and subsequent orders and recorded matters in an action (by R. S. C. 1883, Ord. XXXVI. R. 30, the par...
Lex loci contractus
Lex loci contractus (the law of the place of the contract). Generally speaking, the validity of a contract is decided by the law of the place where it was made. If valid there, it is, by the general law of nations (jure gentium), held valid everywhere, by the tacit or implied consent of the parties. the rule is founded not merely in the convenience, but in the necessities of nations; for otherwise it would be impracticable for them to carry on an extensive intercourse and commerce with each other. the whole system of agencies, of purchases and sales, of mutual credits, and of transfers of negotiable instruments, rests on this foundation; and the nation which should refuse to acknowledge the common principles would soon find its whole commercial intercourse reduced to a state like that in which it now exists among savage tribes.The same rule applies to the invalidity of contracts; if void or illegal by the law of the place of the contract, they are generally held void and illegal everyw...
fact
fact [Latin factum deed, real happening, something done, from neuter of factus, past participle of facere to do, make] 1 : something that has actual existence : a matter of objective reality 2 : any of the circumstances of a case that exist or are alleged to exist in reality : a thing whose actual occurrence or existence is to be determined by the evidence presented at trial see also finding of fact at finding, judicial notice question of fact at question, trier of fact compare law, opinion adjudicative fact : a fact particularly related to the parties to an esp. administrative proceeding compare legislative fact in this entry collateral fact : a fact that has no direct relation to or immediate bearing on the case or matter in question compare material fact in this entry constitutional fact : a fact that relates to the determination of a constitutional issue (as violation of a constitutional right) used esp. of administrative findings of fact evidentiary fact : a fact that i...
Ratio decidendi
Ratio decidendi, is the rule deducible from the application of law of the facts and circumstances of a case which constitutes its ratio decidendi and not some conclusion based upon facts which may appear to be similar. One additional or different fact can make a world of difference between conclusions in two cases even when the same principles are applied in each case to similar facts, Regional Manager v. Pawan Kumar Dubey, AIR 1976 SC 1766: (1976) 3 SCC 334; Jahangir Khan v. State of Bihar, (1998) 1 Pat LJR 912 (Pat).Ratio decidendi, the ground of a judicial decision. The general reasons or principles of a judicial decision, as abstracted from any peculiarities of the case, are commonly styled, by writers on jurisprudence, the ratio decidendi, Austin's Jurisprudence, p. 648.Every decision contains three basic ingredients: (i) findings of material facts, direct and inferential. An inferential finding of facts is the inference which the Judge draws from the direct, or perceptible facts;...
agent
agent 1 : someone or something that acts or exerts power : a moving force in achieving some result 2 : a person guided or instigated by another in some action [where the heads of departments are the political…s of the executive, merely to execute the will of the president "Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)"] see also innocent agent 3 a : a person or entity (as an employee or independent contractor) authorized to act on behalf of and under the control of another in dealing with third parties see also agency, fiduciary relationship, subagent compare fiduciary, principal, servant apparent agent : an agent acting under an agency by estoppel bar·gain·ing agent : a labor union that represents the employees in a bargaining unit in negotiating with their employer through collective bargaining business agent : an agent that handles business affairs for another person or organization ;esp : a paid official of a union who carries on union business between the employ...
Wrongful dismissal
Wrongful dismissal. A wrongful dismissal is an unjustifiable dismissal of a servant by the master from an engagement for services for a fixed time or, if upon notice, before expiration of the period of notice. The servant may elect to treat the contract as repudiated, General Bill Posting Co. v. Atkinson, 1909 AC 118; and see Measures, Ltd. v. Measures, (1910) 2 Ch 248, in which case he can recover wages actually earned on a quantum meruit [see Cutter v. Powell, (1795) 6 Term Rep 320, and Notes, Sm. L.C.], or if he treats the contract as continuing, he may sue for damages for loss of service and such wages as he has lost the opportunity of earning, taking into account the probability of finding another employment of the same kind and degree [see Brace v. Calder, (1895) 2 QB 253], but he cannot sue for a quantum meruit as well as on the contract. The custom that a domestic servant may be dismissed at any time by a month's notice or payment of a month's wages has been judicially proved, ...
Trial
Trial, does not exclude a proceeding relating to the delivery of judgment, Inayat v. Rex, AIR 1950 All 369: 1950 All LJ 127: 1950 All WR 245.Trial, is not necessary that the trial must be a full-dressed or a jury trial or a trial which concludes only after taking evidence of the parties in support of their respective cases, Dipak Chandra Ruhidas v. Chanden Kumar Sarkar, AIR 2003 SC 3701.Trial, is the conclusion, by a competent tribunal, of question in issue in legal proceedings, whether civil or criminal. Strouds Judicial Dictionary (5th Edn.) Indian Bank v. Maharashtra State Co-op. Marketing Federation Ltd., (1998) 5 SCC 69.Trial, is the examination by a competent court of the facts or laws in dispute, or put in issue in a case. It is the judicial examination of issues between the parties, whether they are of law or of fact, Sajjan Singh v. Bhagilal Pandya, AIR 1958 Raj 307.Trial, is understood as referring to the stage of the proceeding in a criminal case after the charge had been fr...
Trover
Trover [fr. trouver, Fr., to find]. This was a special action upon the case, properly called the action of trover and conversion (see that title), which might be maintained by any person who had either an absolute or special property in goods, for recovering the value of such goods against another, who, having or being supposed to have obtained possession of such goods by lawful means, had wrongfully converted them to his own use. It originally lay only where the goods had been lost by the plaintiff and 'found' (whence the name) by the defendant, but it was in course of time allowed to be brought as above upon a fictitious allegation of the finding not required to be proved, but not formally abolished until 1852, by the C.L.P. Act, 1852, s. 49.The action was also termed one of conversion, but 'wrongfully depriving' is the term now more frequently used. Under the old common law there were four different remedies for the wrongful deprivation of goods-viz., the actions of trespass to good...
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