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common room

a room usually at a school or university set aside for the common use of everyone It usually has comfortable chairs for reading or conversation and some provision for obtaining refreshments...


Everyone

Everybody commonly separated every one...


Ad officium justiciariorum spectat, unicuique coram eis placitanti justitiam exhibere

Ad officium justiciariorum spectat, unicuique coram eis placitanti justitiam exhibere [Lat.], It is the duty of justices to administer justice to everyone seeking it from them....


Chance witness

Chance witness, the expression chance witness is borrowed from countries where every man's home is considered his castle and everyone must have an explanation for his presence elsewhere or in another man's castle. It is quite an unsuitable expression in a country where people are less formal and more casual, Chanakya Dhibar v. State of West Bengal, (2004) 12 SCC 398. See also State of Andhra Pradesh v. K. Srinivasulu, AIR 2004 SC 3305. (Penal Code, 1860, s. 302)...


Curfeu, curfew

Curfeu, curfew [fr. Couvrir, to cover, and feu, Fr., fire], a bell which rang at eight O'clock in the evening, in the time of William the Conquer or, where upon everyone was obliged by law to cover over his fire and put out his light. The law was abolished by Henry I. In 1100. It was called, in the Law Latin in the Middle Ages, ignitegium or pyritegium....


Equal pay for equal work

Equal pay for equal work, it does not mean that all the members of a cadre must receive the same pay packet irrespective of their seniority, source of recruitment, educational qualifications and various other incidents of service, State of Andhra Pradesh v. G. Sreenivasa Rao, (1989) 2 SCC 290.Article 39(d) of the Constitution proclaims 'equal pay for equal work for both men and women' as a Directive Principle of State Policy. Equal pay for equal work for both men and women means equal pay for equal work for everyone and as between the sexes. The Preamble to the Constitution declares the solemn resolution of the people of India to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Democratic Republic. Again the word 'Socialist' must mean some thing. Even if it does not mean to each according to his need it must at least mean 'equal pay for equal work'.'The principle of equal pay for equal work is expressly recognized by all socialist systems of law, e.g., s. 59 of the Hungarian Labour Code, Pa...


Formal equality

Formal equality, means that law treates everyone equal and does not favour anyone either because he belongs to the advantaged section of the society or to the disadvantaged section of the society, M. Nagraj v. Union of India, AIR 2007 SC 71....


Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech, Freedom of speech presupposes that right conclusions are more likely to be gathered out of a multitude of tongues than through any kind of authoritative selection. It rests on the assumption that the widest possible dissemination of information from as many diverse and antagonistic sources as possible is essential to the welfare of the public. It is function of the Press to disseminate news from as many different sources and with as many different facts and colours as possible. A citizen is entirely dependent on the Press for the quality, proportion and extent of his news supply. In such a situation, the exclusive and continues advocacy of one point of view through the medium of a newspaper which holds a monopolistic position is not conductive to the formation of healthy public opinion. If the newspaper industry is concentrated in a few hands, the chance of an idea antagonistic to the idea of the owners getting access to the market becomes very remote. But our consti...


Landlord

Landlord, he of whom land or tenements are holden; who has a right to distrain for rent in arrear, etc., Co. Litt. 57. See Foa or Woodfall on Landlord and Tenant, and also the (English) Rent and Mortgage Interest Restrictions Act, 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5, c. 17), s. 70.Includes the person who is receiving or is entitled to receive the rent of a building, whether on his own account or on behalf of another or on behalf of himself and others or as an agent, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver or guardian or who would so receive the rent or be entitled to receive the rent, Raval and Co. v. K.G. Ramachandran, AIR 1974 SC 818: (1974) 1 SCC 424: (1974) 2 SCR 629.Mean a person who is the owner of the building and who has a right to remain in occupation and actual possession of the building to the exclusion of everyone else. It is such a person who can seek to evict the tenant on the ground that he requires possession in good faith for his own occupation, M.M. Quasim v. Manohar Lal Sharma, ...


Property

Property, an actionable claim against the tenants is undoubtedly a species of property which is assignable, State of Bihar v. Kameshwar Singh, AIR 1952 SC 252.Comprises every form of tangible property, even intangible, including debts and chooses in action such as unpaid accumulation of wages, pension, cash grants, and constitutionally protected privy purse, See M.M. Pathak v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 802.Decree is to be treated as property, Associated Hotels of India v. Jodha Mal Kuthiala, AIR 1950 Punj 201.Every movable property is included in the ordinary connotation of the word 'property', Chunni Lal v. State, AIR 1968 Raj 70.In commercial law this may carry its ordinary meaning of the subject-matter of ownership. But elsewhere, as in the sale of goods it may be used as a synonym for ownership and lesser rights in goods, Dictionary of Commercial Law by A.H. Hudson, (1983, Edn.).In Entry 42, List III (Constitution of India) includes the power to legislate for acquisition of an un...


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