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Not yet become binding on the parties

Not yet become binding on the parties, the expression 'not yet become binding on the parties' in Article V(1)(e) of the New York Convention postulates that the Convention has visualised as award which becomes binding at a point of time later than the making of the award. In other words the provision has in its contemplation the fact that an award in some cases may become binding only at a later stage. The award which is sought to have been enforced as foreign award will have thus to be tested with reference to the key words contained in Article V(1)(e) of the Convention and the question will have to be answered whether the award has become binding on the parties or has not yet become binding on the parties. The test has to be applied in the context of the law of the country governing the arbitration proceedings or the country under the law of which the award was made, Oil and Natural Gas Commission v. Western Company of North America, AIR 1987 SC 674 (684): (1987) 1 SCC 496: (1987) 1 S...


Money due or to become due on account of pension

Money due or to become due on account of pension, The words money due or to become due on account of pension' occurring in s. 11 of the Pensions Act, 1871 includes the commuted portion of the pension payable to an employee after his retirement, Union of India v. Wing Commander R.R. Hingorani (Retd), AIR 1987 SC 808 (814): (1987) 1 SCC 551. [Pensions Act, (23 of 1891), s. 11]...


Becomingly

In a becoming manner...


Goods

Goods, Computer programs are the product of an intellectual process, but once implanted in a medium they are widely distributed to computer owners. An analogy can be drawn to a compact-disc recording of an orchestral rendition. The music is produced by the artistry of musicians and in itself is not a 'good', but when transferred to a laser-readable disc it becomes a readily merchant-able commodity. Similarly, when a professor deliv-ers a lecture, it is not a good, but, when transcribed as a book, it becomes a good. That a computer program may be copyrightable as intellectual property does not alter the fact that once in the form of a floppy disc or other medium, the program is tangible, moveable and available in the marketplace. The fact that some programs may be tailored for specific purposes need not alter their status as 'goods' because the Code definition includes 'specially manufactured goods', Advent Systems Ltd. v. Unisys Corpn., 925 F. 2d 670 3dCir 1991. Associated Cement Compa...


Advowson

Advowson [fr. advocare, Lat.], a right of presentation to, or the patronage of, a church or spiritual living; the person possessed of this right or patronage being called the patron or advocate (patronus aut advocatus), on account of his obligation to protect and defend the privileges of the particular benefice. An advowson is in the nature of a temporal property and spiritual trust. For the origin and history of advowsons, consult Mirehouse on Advowsons, pp. 1-6.There are several kinds of advowsons, viz.:--(I.) Presentative advowsons, subdivided into,Appendant.In gross, andPartly appendant, and partly in gross.(II.) Collative advowsons.(I.) A presentative advowson appendant is a right of patronage annexed to the possession of some corporeal hereditament. Thus, where an advowson has immemorially passed together with a manor or reputed manor by a simple grant of such manor, without particularly referring to the advowson, it is then said to be appendant, i.e., annexed to the demesnes of ...


Expand

Expand, means (1) v.t. spread or stretch (a thing) out. (2) become extended: spread out, unfold. (3) v.t. give full expression to. (4) v.t. widen the boundaries of, increase the area, scope etc., enlarge, dilate. (5) v.t. become grater in area, bulk, capacity etc.; become larger: increase the scope of one's activity or the scale of operations of something: take in or go into a new area of activity, New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, see also State of Gujarat v. Saurashtra Cement & Chemical Industries Ltd., (2003) 2 SCC 394.Means to become greater or bigger in size of spread out, State of Gujarat v. Saurashtra Cement & Chemical Industries Ltd., (2003) 2 SCC 394.Means 'tending to promote some proposed or desired object, 'fit' or 'suitable for the purpose' proper under the circumstances, Webster's Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language....


Mortgage

Mortgage [fr. mort, Fr., dead, and gage, pledge], a deed pledge; a thing put into the hands of a creditor.A mortgage is the creation of an interest in property, defeasible (i.e., annullable) upon performing the condition of paying a given sum of money, with interest thereon, at a certain time. This conditional assurance is resorted to when a debt has been incurred, or a loan of money or credit effected, in order to secure either the repayment of the one or the liquidation of the other. the debtor, or borrower, is then the mortgagor, who has charged or transferred his property in favour of or to the creditor or lender, who thus becomes the mortgagee. If the mortgagor pay the debtor loan and interest within the time mentioned in a clause technically called the proviso for redemption, he will be entitled to have his property again free from the mortgagee's claim; but should he not comply with such proviso, the legal estate becomes perfected in the mortgagee, i.e., indefeasible, and so los...


Partnership

Partnership, the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business with a view to profit--so defined by s. 1, sub-s. 1, of the (English) Partnership Act, 1890 (53 & 54 Vict. c. 39), a codifying Act of fifty s.s, 'to declare and amend the law of partnership,' which, in effect, transfers the law of the subject from the region of reported cases to that of the statute; Bovill's Act' (see that title) of 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. 86), and a small part of the (English) Mercantile Law Amendment Act of 1856, being the only previous statutory enactments on the subject.Rules, which, however, subject to any agreement express or implied between the partners, are laid down by s. 24 for determining the interest of partners in the partnership property and their rights and duties in relation to the partnership. They provide, amongst other things, for equal shares in profits and equal contributions to losses; for indemnification of every partner by the firm in respect of payments properly made...


Remainder

Remainder [fr. remanentia, Lat.], that expectant portion, remnant, or residue of interest which, on the creation of a particular estate, is at the same time limited over to another, who is to enjoy it after the determination of such particular estate.After 1925 remainders can operate only as equitable interests, and in that manner they can be created in respect of personality as well as realty. The follow-ing explanation of legal remainders has been retained as relating to titles to land existing before 1926, and see (English) Law of Property Act, 1925, s. 4, as to the construction of equitable interests.A remainder may be limited in all freehold estates, but not strictly and technically in chattels real and personal, although these may be limited over after a previous limitation or a partial interest in them. It may be limited by way of use (which is, in practice, the usual method), as well as by a conveyance deriving its effect from the Common Law.In the same land there may at the sa...


Vagrants

Vagrants, sturdy beggars; vagabonds.The Act which is now in force, embodying, mitigating, and extending numerous former provisions, is the (English) Vagrancy Act, 1824 (5 Geo. 4, c. 83). It has been extended by the Vagrancy Act, 1838, as to re-commitment on failure to prosecute, appeal, and exhibition of obscene prints; by the (English) Vagrant Act Amendment Act, 1873, as to gambling and betting in streets; by the Vagrancy Act, 1898, amended by the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1912, s. 7, as to men living on earnings of prostitution; and by (English) Poor Law Act, 1930, s. 150, as to obtaining relief by falsehood. It points out three classes of persons:-1st, idle and disorderly persons; 2nd, rogues and vagabonds; 3rd, incorrigible rogues.First. Idle and Disorderly Persons.-The following are, under the Vagrancy Act, 1824, s. 3, to be deemed 'idle and disorderly persons,' so that any justice of the peace may commit them (being convicted before him) to the house of correction to hard labou...


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