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proceeding 1 : a particular step or series of steps in the enforcement, adjudication, or administration of rights, remedies, laws, or regulations: as a : an action, hearing, trial, or application before the court collateral proceeding : a proceeding that concerns an order, motion, petition, or writ deriving from or sought in relation to another proceeding (as a trial) [a collateral proceeding on a motion to have the judge in a pending trial disqualified] ;esp : one in which a collateral attack on a judgment is made [sought to avoid the effect of the judgment in a collateral proceeding after denial of a direct appeal] core proceeding : a proceeding (as one instituted by a debtor against a creditor) that is integral to the administration of a bankruptcy estate and so falls under the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court non-core proceeding : a proceeding involving a matter that relates to a bankruptcy case but that does not arise under bankruptcy laws, that could be adjudicated i...

Federalism

Federalism, Federalism is a concept which unites separate States into a Union without sacrificing their own fundamental political integrity. Separate States, therefore, desire to unite so that all the member-States may share in formulation of the basic policies applicable to all and participate in the execution of decisions made in pursuance of such basic policies. Thus the essence of a federation is the existence of the Union and the States and the distribution of powers between them. Federalism, therefore, essentially implies demarcation of powers in a federal compact, S.R. Bommai v. Union of India, AIR 1994 SC 1918 (1945): (1994) 3 SCC 1.Federalism implies mutuality and common purpose for the aforesaid process of change with continuity between the Centre and the States which are the structural units operating on balancing wheel of concurrence and promises to resolve problems and promote social, economic and cultural advancement of its people and to create fraternity among the people...

Hindu

Hindu, The historical and etymological genesis of the word 'Hindu' has given rise to a controversy amongst ideologists; but the view generally accepted by scholars appears to be that the word 'Hindu' is derived from the river Sindhu otherwise known as Indus which flows from the Punjab. 'That part of the great Aryan race', says Monier Williams, 'which immigrated from Central Asia, through the mountain passes into India, settled first in the districts near the river Sindhu (now called the Indus). The Persians pronounced this word Hindu and named their Aryan brethren Hindus. The Greeks, who probably gained their first ideas of India from the Persians, dropped the hard aspirate, and called the Hindus 'Indoi'. ('Hindulsm' by Monler Williams, p.1.)'. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. VI, has described 'Hinduism' as the title applied to that form of religion which prevails among the vast majority of the present population of the Indian Empire (p. 686). As Dr. Radhakrishnan has obs...

Reasonable restriction

Reasonable restriction, the expression 'reasonable restriction' signifies that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature, beyond what is required in the interests of the public. The test of reasonableness, wherever prescribed, should be applied to each individual statute impugned, and no abstract standard, or general pattern of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable in all cases. The restriction which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in art. 19(1)(g) and the social control permitted by cl. (6) of art. 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality, Bishamber Dayal Chandra Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1982 SC 33 (35): (1982) 1 SCC 39: (1982) 1 SCR 1137.The expression 'reasonable restrictions' signifies that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of that rig...

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