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Richardson Vs. United States
Cites for this judgment
- US Supreme Court
- Jun 01, 1999
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Richardson v. UnitedSearch
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States - 526 U.S. 813 (1999) October Term, 1998 Syllabus Richardson V. UnitedSearch
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about means, at least where that definition risks serious unfairness and lacks support in history or tradition. Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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Recognizing a split in the Circuits on the matter, we granted certiorari. Compare United States v. EdmondsSearch
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constitute the series), with United States v. HallSearch
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is not required), and United States v. AndersonSearch
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carries certain legal consequences. Almendarez-Torres v. UnitedSearch
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federal criminal case cannot convict unless it unanimously finds that the Government has proved each element. Johnson v. LouisianaSearch
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Andres v. UnitedSearch
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a particular element, say, which of several possible means the defendant used to commit an element of the crime. Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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Andersen v. UnitedSearch
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the Government had proved the necessary related element, namely, that the defendant had threatened force. See McKoy v. NorthSearch
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crimes the defendant committed. A When interpreting a statute, we look first to the language. United States v. WellsSearch
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violation as a means, for that breadth aggravates the dangers of unfairness that doing so would risk. Cf. Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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Congress intended to come close to, or to test, those constitutional limits when it wrote this statute. See Garrett v. UnitedSearch
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cf. Gomez v. UnitedSearch
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in violation of the law. E. g., People v. GearSearch
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People v. ReynoldsSearch
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State v. SpigaroloSearch
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Soper v. StateSearch
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The state practice may well respond to special difficulties of proving individual underlying criminal acts, People v. GearSearch
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federal but state, where this Court has not held that the Constitution imposes a jury-unanimity requirement. Johnson v. LouisianaSearch
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they do not represent a general 822 tradition or a rule. People v. GearSearch
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treatment of recidivism offers a competing analogy no more distant than the analogy the Government offers. See Garrett v. UnitedSearch
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which suggests that any such statute would represent a lesser known exception to ordinary practice. Cf. Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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and design its trial strategy. The elements of the offenses charged must be set forth in the indictment, see Hamling v. UnitedSearch
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it is settled that jurors need not agree on all of the means the accused used to commit an offense. Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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Garrett v. UnitedSearch
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enterprises of a certain size, so the identity of the individual supervisees is irrelevant. See, e. g., United States v. HarrisSearch
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United States v. EnglishSearch
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United States v. JacksonSearch
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United States v. TarversSearch
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United States v. MarkowskiSearch
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instances may be difficult to prove, as in cases of child molestation or promoting prostitution. See, e. g., People v. AdamesSearch
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State v. MolitorSearch
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State v. DooganSearch
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Almendarez-Torres v. UnitedSearch
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Syllabus Richardson V. UnitedSearch
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Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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Compare United States v. EdmondsSearch
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United States v. HallSearch
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and United States v. AndersonSearch
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Johnson v. LouisianaSearch
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See McKoy v. NorthSearch
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Cf. Schad v. ArizonaSearch
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See Garrett v. UnitedSearch
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Gomez v. UnitedSearch
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People v. GearSearch
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