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Bush Vs. Vera
Cites for this judgment
- US Supreme Court
- Jun 13, 1996
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U.S. 952 (1996) October Term, 1995 Syllabus Bush, Governor of Texas, Et Al. V. VeraSearch
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facts showing that he personally has been subjected to any racial classification, lacks standing under United States v. HaysSearch
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motivating the drawing of district lines, see, e. g., Miller v. JohnsonSearch
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Together with No. 94-806, Lawson et al. v. VeraSearch
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et al., and No. 94-988, United States v. VeraSearch
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of district lines than politically motivated gerrymandering, which is not subject to strict scrutiny, see Davis v. BandemerSearch
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large part by the use of race as a proxy for political characteristics, which is subject to such scrutiny, cf. Powers v. OhioSearch
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b). It may be assumed without deciding that such compliance can be a compelling state interest. See, e. g., Shaw v. HuntSearch
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liability. See Shaw v. RenoSearch
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majority-minority districts, by itself, is sufficient to invoke such scrutiny. See, e. g., Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. PenaSearch
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Miller v. JohnsonSearch
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districts was sufficient to show that race was a predominant, motivating factor in its redistricting). De Witt v. WilsonSearch
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involving racial gerrymandering challenges to state redistricting efforts in the wake of the 1990 census. See Shaw v. HuntSearch
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United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas held Districts 18, 29, and 30 unconstitutional. Vera v. RichardsSearch
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supra, at 646. Nor does it apply to all cases of intentional creation of majority-minority districts. See De Witt v. WilsonSearch
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See Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. PenaSearch
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Evaluating Election-District Appearances After Shaw v. RenoSearch
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predominated over racial ones. We have not subjected political gerrymandering to strict scrutiny. See Davis v. BandemerSearch
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as a legitimate state goal. See Karcher v. DaggettSearch
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cf. Gaffney v. CummingsSearch
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in the commission of that crime, cf. post, at 1032, n. 30 (STEVENS, J., dissenting) (discussing United States v. ArmstrongSearch
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as a proxy for political characteristics, a racial stereotype requiring strict scrutiny is in operation. Cf. Powers v. OhioSearch
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practice of using race as a proxy that the District Court found, based on ample evidence, to be pervasive, see Vera v. RichardsSearch
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we assume without deciding that compliance with the results test, as interpreted by our precedents, see, e. g., Growe v. EmisonSearch
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F. Supp., at 1343. Cf. Wygant v. JacksonSearch
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in our federal system of each State's sovereign interest in implementing its redistricting plan. See Voinovich v. QuilterSearch
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Growe, supra, at 40 (emphasis added) (quoting Thornburg v. GinglesSearch
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from the Reconstruction to modern times, including violations of the Constitution and of the VRA. See, e. g., Williams v. DallasSearch
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Miller, 515 U. S., at 926 (quoting Beer v. UnitedSearch
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to eliminate unnecessary and excessive governmental use and reinforcement of racial stereotypes. See, e. g., Georgia v. McCollumSearch
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Edmonson v. LeesvilleSearch
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Rights Act (VRA) is a compelling state interest. Second, that test can coexist in principle and in practice with Shaw v. RenoSearch
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b) is a compelling state interest. See Shaw v. HuntSearch
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Syllabus Bush, Governor of Texas, Et Al. V. VeraSearch
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