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Freeman Vs. Pitts
Cites for this judgment
- US Supreme Court
- Mar 31, 1992
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U.S. 467 (1992) October Term, 1991 Syllabus Freeman Et Al. V. PittsSearch
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and ruled that DCSS is a unitary system with regard to four of the six factors identified in Green v. SchoolSearch
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Swann v. CharlotteMecklenburgSearch
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state and local authorities to the control of a school system that is operating in compliance, see, e. g., Milliken v. BradleySearch
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racial imbalance is not traceable, in a proximate way, to constitutional violations. See Pasadena Bd. of Education v. SpanglerSearch
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Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal were filed for the Intervenors in Carlin v. BoardSearch
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has demonstrated unitary status in all facets of its system. I A For decades before our decision in Brown v. BoardSearch
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of Education, 347 U. S. 483 (1954) (Brown 1), and our mandate in 472 Brown v. BoardSearch
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but the plan had no significant effect on the former de jure black schools. In 1968, we decided Green v. SchoolSearch
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has run out.''' Id., at 438, quoting Griffin v. PrinceSearch
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school to approximate the ratio of black to white teachers and administrators throughout the system. See Singleton v. JacksonSearch
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s incremental approach, an approach that has also been adopted by the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, Morgan v. NucciSearch
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Swann v. Charlotte-MecklenburgSearch
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or withdrawn. But, as we explained last Term in Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City 487 Public Schools v. DowellSearch
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according to this prescription. Our application of these guiding principles in Pasadena Bd. of Education v. SpanglerSearch
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local authorities to the control of a school system that is operating in compliance with the Constitution. Milliken v. BradleySearch
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Dayton Bd. of Education v. BrinkmanSearch
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for example, that student segregation and faculty segregation are often related problems. See Dayton Bd. of Education v. BrinkmanSearch
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a consequence, a continuing violation in one area may need to be addressed by remedies in another. See, e. g., Bradley v. RichmondSearch
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Vaughns v. BoardSearch
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has accepted the principle of racial equality and will not suffer intentional discrimination in the future. See Morgan v. NucciSearch
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have without hesitation approved comprehensive and continued district court supervision. See Columbus Bd. of Education v. PenickSearch
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Penick v. ColumbusSearch
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is a temporary expedient, democratic processes remain suspended, with no prospect of restoration, 38 years after Brown v. BoardSearch
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of Education, 347 U. S. 483 (1954). 501 Almost a quarter century ago, in Green v. SchoolSearch
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Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. DowellSearch
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Austin Independent School Dist. v. UnitedSearch
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Co lumbus Bd. of Education v. PenickSearch
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see also Pasadena Bd. of Education v. SpanglerSearch
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Keyes v. SchoolSearch
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It is also the approach we actually adopted in Bazemore v. FridaySearch
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See, e. g., Cooper v. AaronSearch
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Goss v. BoardSearch
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NLRB v. CurtinSearch
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see also 506 Dayton Bd. of Education v. BrinkmanSearch
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Spangler v. PasadenaSearch
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Washington v. DavisSearch
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Green v. SchoolSearch
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efforts to segregate, the causal relationship may be considered in fashioning a school desegregation remedy. See Swann v. Charlotte-MecklenburgSearch
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and JUSTICE O'CONNOR join, concurring in the judgment. It is almost 38 years since this Court decided Brown v. BoardSearch
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through the Court's most recent school-desegregation decision in Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. DowellSearch
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Raney v. BoardSearch
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violations of the Equal Protec- 511 tion Clause persist in other aspects of the same system. Cf. Keyes v. SchoolSearch
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proving that its actions are eradicating the effects of the former de jure regime. See Dayton Board of Education v. BrinkmanSearch
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Syllabus Freeman Et Al. V. PittsSearch
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See Pasadena Bd. of Education v. SpanglerSearch
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