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Ball Vs. James

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  • US Supreme Court
  • Apr 29, 1981

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  1. Reynolds Vs. Sims US Supreme Court · Jun 15, 1964
    Relied / Followed
  2. Hill Vs. Stone US Supreme Court · May 12, 1975
  3. U.S. 355 (1981) U.S. Supreme Court Ball v. James
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  4. U.S. 355 (1981) Ball v. James
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  5. of Appeals reversed. It held that the case was governed by the one-person, one-vote principle established in Reynolds v. Sims
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  6. U. S. 533 , rather than by the exception to that principle established in Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  7. F.2d 180. Noting this Court's repeated application of the one-person, one-vote principle established in Reynolds v. Sims
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  8. Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  9. Salyer the Court of Appeals did not apply these criteria correctly to the facts of this case. III Reynolds v. Sims
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  10. Protection Clause requires adherence to the principle of one-person, one-vote in elections of state legislators. Avery v. Midland
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  11. In Hadley v. Junior
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  12. of which were farmed by one or another of four corporations. Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  13. remain essentially business enterprises, created by and chiefly benefiting a specific group of landowners. Niedner v. Salt
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  14. Uhlmann v. Wren
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  15. I.B.E.W. v. Salt
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  16. in a different context, the provision of electricity is not a traditional element of governmental sovereignty, Jackson v. Metropolitan
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  17. representing a majority of the acreage of the lands within the proposed district. Associated Enterprises, Inc. v. Toltec
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  18. In Kramer v. Union
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  19. and collect special assessments also does not create such general governmental authority. Associated Enterprises, Inc. v. Toltec
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  20. voting eligibility to property ownership in elections to approve issuance of bonds to finance a city library, Hill v. Stone
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  21. U. S. 289 , and a municipal utility, Cipriano v. City
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  22. U. S. 701 (per curiam), and to issue general obligation bonds secured by a lien on real property, Phoenix v. Kolodziejski
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  23. do not bear on the question of a special-purpose governmental entity like the Salt River District. See Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  24. exercise more immediate control over the management of the entity than their numbers would dictate. Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  25. Lake Basin Water Storage District, 410 U. S. 719 (1973). See Hadley v. Junior
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  26. Avery v. Midland
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  27. applicable to the elections of bodies that exercise general governmental powers. Reynolds v. Sims
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  28. with political structures to meet the often novel problems confronting local communities. E.g., Holt Civic Club v. Tuscaloosa
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  29. Given the broad reforms effected by Reynolds v. Sims
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  30. political safeguard was a major justification for the Court's role in requiring legislative reapportionment. See Baker v. Carr
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  31. The Court has held that school boards must be elected on a strictly majoritarian basis. Hadley v. Junior
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  32. Kramer v. Union
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  33. Court's judgment as to the unique importance of education among the functions of modern local government. See Brown v. Board
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  34. of Education, 347 U. S. 483 , 347 U. S. 493 (1954). Cf. Holt Civic Club v. Tuscaloosa
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  35. purpose election by a fairly elected legislature in Kramer, supra, at 395 U. S. 628 . See also Avery v. Midland
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  36. scheme is constitutional, the Court misapplies the limited exception recognized in Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  37. Phoenix v. Kolodziejski
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  38. See Avery v. Midland
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  39. were parents or custodians of children enrolled in the local public Page 451 U. S. 376 schools. In Cipriano v. City
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  40. tax revenues. Phoenix, supra, at 399 U. S. 209 -213. See also Police Jury of Parish of Vermilion v. Hebert
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  41. limiting the vote to landowners in electing the board of directors of a Water Storage District in Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare
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  42. See Associated Enterprises, Inc. v. Toltec
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  43. Otter Tail Power Co. v. United
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  44. Rubenstein Construction Co. v. Salt
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  45. U.S. at 410 U. S. 728 -729 (emphasis supplied). In Cipriano v. City
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  46. U.S. at 395 U. S. 629 . In Hadley v. Junior
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  47. by the trustees of a Junior College District were substantially less significant than those exercised in Avery v. Midland
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  48. on the land is, at best, speculative. Certainly, any direct impact on the land is no greater than in Phoenix v. Kolodziejski
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  49. U.S. Supreme Court Ball v. James
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  50. III Reynolds v. Sims
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