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Apodaca Vs. Oregon

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  • US Supreme Court
  • May 22, 1972

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  2. Norris Vs. Alabama US Supreme Court · Apr 01, 1935
  3. Cassell Vs. Texas US Supreme Court · Apr 24, 1950
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  5. Maxwell Vs. Dow US Supreme Court · Feb 26, 1900
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  9. U.S. 404 (1972) U.S. Supreme Court Apodaca v. Oregon
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  10. U.S. 404 (1972) Apodaca v. Oregon
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  11. The Sixth Amendment guarantee of a jury trial, made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth ( Duncan v. Louisiana
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  12. representative of a cross-section of the community, Williams v. Florida
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  13. in criminal cases specified by the Sixth Amendment and made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth. See Duncan v. Louisiana
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  14. granted certiorari to consider this claim, 400 U.S. 901 (1970), which we now find to be without merit. In Williams v. Florida
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  15. II Our inquiry must focus upon the function served by the jury in contemporary society. Cf. Williams v. Florida
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  16. Williams v. Florida
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  17. made mandatory on the States by virtue of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Duncan v. Louisiana
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  18. doubt at all. The reasonable doubt argument is rooted, in effect, in due process, and has been rejected in Johnson v. Louisiana
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  19. that the Fourteenth Amendment requires jury panels to reflect a cross-section of the community. See, e.g., Whitus v. Georgia
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  20. Smith v. Texas
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  21. Strauder v. West
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  22. no members of his race are on the jury, but must prove that his race has been systematically excluded. See Swain v. Alabama
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  23. Ruthenberg v. United
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  24. Apthorp v. Backus
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  25. Grinnell v. Phillips
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  26. century America, where majority verdicts were permitted in the Carolinas, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, see Williams v. Florida
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  27. See Andres v. United
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  28. U. S. 581 , 176 U. S. 586 (1900) (dictum). Cf. Springville v. Thomas
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  29. to May and McCormick, the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt first crystallized in the case of Rex v. Finny
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  30. the United States in the early 19th century, where it was applied in civil as well as criminal cases, see, e.g., Ropps v. Barker
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  31. in the latter half of the century that the reasonable doubt standard ceased to be applied in civil cases, see Ellis v. Buzzell
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  32. Me. 209 (1872), and that American courts began applying it in its modern form in criminal cases. See Commonwealth v. Webster
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  33. MR. JUSTICE STEWART, with whom MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN and MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL join, dissenting. In Duncan v. Louisiana
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  34. universally understood that a unanimous verdict is an essential element of a Sixth Amendment jury trial. See Andres v. United
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  35. Patton v. United
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  36. U.S. Supreme Court Apodaca v. Oregon
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  37. the Fourteenth. See Duncan v. Louisiana
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  38. In Williams v. Florida
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  39. Cf. Williams v. Florida
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  40. of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, Duncan v. Louisiana
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  41. Johnson v. Louisiana
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  42. Whitus v. Georgia
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  43. See Swain v. Alabama
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  44. Apthorp v. Backus
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  45. Cf. Springville v. Thomas
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  46. of Rex v. Finny
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  47. Ropps v. Barker
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  48. Ellis v. Buzzell
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  49. See Commonwealth v. Webster
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  50. In Duncan v. Louisiana
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