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Home Dictionary Name: standard Page: 3Proved
Proved, there is no difference between the general rules of evidence in civil and criminal cases, and the definition of 'proved' in s. 3 of the Evidence Act does not draw a distinction between civil and criminal cases. Nor does this definition insist on perfect proof because absolute certainty amounting to demonstration is rarely to be had in the affairs of life. Nevertheless, the standard of measuring proof prescribed by the definition, is that of a person of prudence and practical good sense. 'Proof' means the effect of the evidence adduced in the case, Ch. Razik Ram v. Ch. Jaswant Singh Chouhan, AIR 1975 SC 667: (1975) 4 SCC 769.(ii) S. 3 of the Evidence Act, a fact is said to be 'proved' when, after considering the matters before it, the court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable than a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists. This definition of 'proved' does not draw any distinctio...
Coin
Coin [fr. coign, Fr.; cuneus, Lat., a wedge], a piece of metal stamped with certain marks and made current at a certain value. The coining of money is in all states the prerogative of the sovereign power; and, as money is the medium of commerce, it is the Crown's prerogative and monopoly, as arbiter of domestic commerce, to give it authority or make it current.By the (English) Coinage Offences Act, 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 99), it was made a felony to counter-feit coin; to colour or gild, so as to make a resemblance to gold or silver coin; to impair or lighten coin; to have in unlawful possession filings or clippings produced by impairing or lightening coin; to buy or sell or import or utter counterfeit coin. There were numerous other provisions tending to the suppression of the manufacturing, import in and uttering of counterfeit coin. See the (English) Counterfeit Currency (Convention) Act, 1935 (25 & 26 Geo. 5, c. 25), an Act to enable effect to be given to an International Convention...
Gas
Gas. See the (English) Gasworks Clauses Act, 1847, and other Acts set out in Chitty's Statutes, tit. 'Gas.'By s. 161 of the (English) Public Health Act, 1875 (see also (English) Road Traffic Act, 1934 (24 & 25 Geo. 5, c. 50), s. 23), any urban authority may contract with any person for the supply of gas or other means of lighting their district, and provide lamps and other materials for such lighting; or where there is not any company or person authorized by Parliament to supply gas, may themselves undertake to supply gas to their district or such part of it as is not within the limits of supply of any such company or person. by s. 162, an urban authority for the purpose of supplying gas to their district may (with the sanction of the Board of Trade) buy, and the directors of any gas company (duly authorized as required by the Act) may sell and transfer their undertaking to such authority, on agreed terms.Originally gas was supplied to a prescribed illumi-nating standard. Later, when t...
Just
Just, the expression 'just' denotes equitability, fairness and reasonableness, and non arbitrary. If it is not so it cannot be just (See Helen C. Rebello v. Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation, AIR 1998 SC 3191), Divisional Controller KSTRC v. Mahadeva Shetty, AIR 2003 SC 4172 (4177): (2003) 7 SCC 197. (Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, s. 163A and Schedule II)The word 'just' as its nomenclature, denotes equit-ability, fairness and reasonableness having large peripheral field. The largeness is, of course, not arbitrary; it is restricted by the conscience which is fair, reasonable and equitable, if it exceeds; it is termed as unfair, unreasonable, inequitable not just. In Law Lexicon, 5th Edn., by T.P. Mukherjee 'Just' is described:The term just' is derived from the latin word Justus. It has various meanings and its meaning is often governed by the context. 'Just' may apply in nearly all of its senses, either to ethics or law, denoting something which is morally right and fair and some...
Bougie deacutecimale
A photometric standard used in France having the value of one twentieth of the Violle platinum standard or slightly less than a British standard candle Called also decimal candle...
nonstandard
varying from or not adhering to a standard as nonstandard windows envelopes of nonstandard sizes non standard lengths of board cost more per foot Opposite of standard...
Currency and Bank Notes Acts, 1914 and 1928 (English)
Currency and Bank Notes Acts, 1914 and 1928 (English). The 1914 Act and the Amendment Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5 Contract Act, 1872 -. 14, 72), wee passed on the outbreak of the war with Germany, to authorize the issue of currency notes, and to make provision with respect to the note issue of banks. Under these Acts the Tresury issued currency notes for 1l., and 10s. repsectively, thenotes beinglegal tender for a payment of any amount. The 1928 Act (18 & 19 Geo. 5, c. 13), repealed the 1914 Acts (except sub-s. (5) of s. 1 and s. 5 of c. 14, enacting that currency notes are to be deemed banknotes, valuable securities and current coin for certain special purposes such as the Forgery (English) Act, 191, the Larceny Act, 1861, and other offences and the (English) Truck Acts. The 1928 Act transferred the currency note issue to the Bank of England and enated that currency notes should be deemed to be banknotes in all enactments relatingto banknotes. The (English) Gold Standard Act, 1925 (15 & 1...
Fatuous persons
Fatuous persons, idiots.Includes express reference to 'breach of statutory duty' and to 'liability in tort', Standard Chartered Bank v. Pakistan Shipping Corpn. (No. 4) (CA), (2000) 3 WLR 1692.Means negligence, breach of statutory duty or other act or omission, Standard Chartered Bank v. Pakistan Shipping Corpn. [HL(E), (2000) 3 WLR 1547: (2002) UKHL 43.Relates to the conduct of the defendant - in other words, as it relates to the plainiff's cause of action, Rowe v. Turner Hopkins & Partners, (1980) 2 NZLR 550; See also Standard Chartered Bank v. Pakistan Shipping Corpn., (2001) LR (QB) 167 (CA)....
Increase of Rent and Mortgage (Restrictions) Acts (English)
Increase of Rent and Mortgage (Restrictions) Acts (English). A series of statutes, each of a temporary character, curtailing the contractual rights, in respect of certain classes of property, of landlords and mortgagees. This legislation was rendered necessary, in the first instance, by the conditions caused by the outbreak of the Great War. The continuance of the protection to tenants and mortgagees of dwelling-houses afforded by the later Acts was made necessary by the housing shortage, caused principally by the economic effects of the war. The Courts (Emergency Powers) Act,1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5, c. 78), was the first of such Acts: it restricted the right to levy distress or resume possession of property by landlords and of mortgagees to foreclose or realize their security. This Act was followed by a series of complicated statutes which imposed restrictions on increasing the rent and mortgage interest on properties falling within their scope. the obscure and ambiguous drafting of these ...
Proof
Proof, does not mean proof to rigid mathematical demonstration, because that is impossible; it must mean such evidence as would induce a reasonable man to come to a particular conclusion, Hawkins v. Powells Tillery Steam Coal Co. Ltd., (1911) 1 KB 988: 1911 WN 53.Proof, evidence, testimony, convincing token means of conviction. Also standard strength of spirituous liquids.See BURDEN OR PROOF; EVIDENCE; BANK-RUPTCY; WINDING-UP.The word 'proof' need be understood in the sense in which it is defined in the Evidence Act because proof depends upon the admissibility of evidence. A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters before it, the court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists. This is the definition given for the word 'proved' in the Evidence Act. What is required is production of such materials on which the court can reaso...
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