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Home Dictionary Name: special agent Page: 3Consideration
Consideration. Any act of the promisee (the person claiming the benefit of an obligation) from which the promisor (the person burdened with the obligation) or a stranger derives a benefit or advantage, or any labour detriment or inconvenience sustained or suffered by the promisee at the request, express or implied, of the promisor. See Laythoarp v. Bryant, 3 Scott 250; 2 Wms. Saund 137 h; Currie v. Misa, (1875) LR 10 Exch 153.Consideration is one of the facts which the courts require as evidence of intention, (a) that a person intends his promise to be binding on him, or (b) that he intends to divest himself of a beneficial interest in property. In its widest sense consideration is the price, motive or inducement for a promise or for a transfer of property from one person to another. The nature or quality of the consideration which will be sufficient for these purposes varies with the nature of the transaction and in the absence of consideration the Courts will, except in the case of s...
representative
representative 1 : serving to represent 2 a : standing or acting for another esp. through delegated authority [an agent acting in a capacity] b : of, based on, or constituting a government in which the people are represented by individuals chosen from among them usually by election 3 : of or relating to representation n : one that represents another or others in a special capacity: as a : one that represents a constituency as a member of a legislative or other governing body ;specif : a member of the House of Representatives of the U.S. Congress or a state legislature b : one that represents another as agent, deputy, substitute, or delegate and that usually is invested with the authority of the principal c : one that represents or stands in the place of a deceased person : personal representative d : one that represents another as successor or heir e : one named as the plaintiff or defendant in a class action to litigate on behalf of the class ...
Fraud
Fraud, a fraud is an act of deliberate deception with the design of securing something by taking unfair advantage of another. It is a deception in order to gain by another's loss. It is a cheating intended to got an advantage, S.P. Chengalvaraya Naidu v. Jagannath, AIR 1994 SC 853 (855): (1994) 1 SCC 1.A term used in a variety of meanings. At Common Law, fraud is actionable under the heading of deceit (q.v.).A knowing misrepresentation of the truth or con-cealment of a material fact to induce another to act to his or her detriment, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 670.In equity and upon the equitable principles which are now applicable in any Court of law, fraud may be described as an infraction of the rules of fair dealing. For the action at law intention and representation (q.v.) are material. In equity an act or its consequences to the person aggrieved may be of greater importance than the intention of the defendant or any representation made to the plaintiff, and the same may b...
Tail
Tail [fr. tailler, Fr., to prune]. An estate-tail was formerly a freehold of inheritance and is now an equitable interest which may be created after 1925 in respect of personalty as well as realty by way of trust and which (if not barred or disposed of by will after 1925) will devolve inequity on the person who would have taken realty as heir of the body or as tenant by the curtesy if the Law of Property Act, 1925, had not been passed [s. 130 (4) (ibid.)]The limitation of an estate so that it can be inherited only by the fee owner's issue or class of issue, Black's Law dictionary 7th Edn., p. 1466.An estate-tail in land now constitutes a settlement. [(English) Settled Land Act, 1925, s. 1]With this and other statutory modifications under the (English) Law of Property Act, 1925, the rules relating to this form of estate are still applicable (a) in the investigation of all titles to land in existence on the 31st December, 1925; (b) in the construction of equitable interests into which th...
Duress
Duress [fr. duresse, Fr.; durities, Lat., constraint], imprisonment, compulsion.Duress is either by imprisonment or by threats. In order to constitute duress by imprisonment, either the imprisonment or the duress consequent upon it must be tortious and unlawful.By the Common Law, a contract made during duress is not void, but voidable; and the person upon whom it is practised may avail himself of the duress as a special defence to an action thereupon at any time. But the person who has employed the force cannot allege it as a defence, if the contract be insisted upon by the other.Where a person is not a free agent, and is not able to protect himself, the Court will protect him, and will set aside a contract made under duress. Circumstances also of extreme necessity and distress of the party, although not accompanied by the direct restraint or duress, may, in like manner, so entirely overcome his free agency as to justify the Court in setting aside a contract made by him on account of s...
Separate estate
Separate estate. The Common Law did not allow a married woman to posses any property independently of her husband, but when property was settled to her separate use and benefit, equity treated her, in respect to that property, as a feme sole, or unmarried woman. A wife's separate property might be acquired by a pre-nuptial contract with her husband, or by gift, either from the husband, or from any other person. the (English) Married Women's Property Act, 1882 (see MARRIED WOMEN'S PROPERTY), almost abolished the Common Law distinction between married and unmarried women in respect of property, and the amending (English) Act of 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 63) provided (s. 1) that:-1. Every contract hereafter entered into by a married woman otherwise than as agent,(a) shall be deemed to be a contract entered into by her with respect to and to bind her separate property whether she is or is not in fact possessed of or entitled to any separate property at the time when she enters into such contr...
Partners of a firm
Partners of a firm, the status of a partner qua the firm with reference to the provisions of the Partnership Act, the concept of 'employer' and 'employee' and the importance of the definition of 'wages' as also various Indian and foreign decisions are clearly indicative of the principle that a partner who belongs to the class of employer cannot rank as employee because he also works for wages for the partnership. In common parlance the status of a partner qua the firm is thus different from em-ployees working under the firm. It may be that a partner is being paid some remuneration for any special attention which he devotes but that would not involve any change of status and bring him within the definition of employee. In a partnership firm, which is not a legal entity, each partner acts as an agent of the other. The position of a partner qua the firm is thus not that of a master and a servant or employer and employee which concept involves an element of subordination but that of equali...
Paper Book
Paper Book, the issues in law, etc., upon special pleadings, formerly made up by the clerk of the papers, who was an officer for that purpose, but latterly by the plaintiff's attorney or agent. See Jac. Law Dict.; 3 Bl. Com. 317.Any party who enters an action for trial must deliver to the officer of the court two copies of the whole of the pleadings, one for the use of the judge at the trial [(English) R.S.C. 1883, Ord. XXXVI., r. 30]....
Manager
Manager, a superintendent, a conductor, or director. As to the appointment of a manager of a business at the instance of a mortgagee, see Coote on Mortgages. As to managers appointed by debenture holders, see (English) Companies Act, 1929, s. 86, and Part VI. Of that Act relating to receivers and managers. As to special manager.[See (English) Bankruptcy Act, 1914, s. 10; (English) Companies Act, 1929, s. 209]Manager means a person who, subject to the control and direction of the directors, has the management of the whole affairs of a company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager by whatever name called and whether under a contract or service or not. It will be clear that to satisfy the aforesaid definition a person, which could include a firm, body corporate or an association of persons, apart from being in management of the whole affairs of a company had to be 'subject to the control and direction of the directors'. This definition has underg...
Limitation of actions and prosecutions
Limitation of actions and prosecutions. By various statutes, of which the first was 21 Jac. 1, c. 16, the (English) Limitation Act, 1623, and the principal succeeding ones, the Real Property Limitation Act, 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 42), the (English) Civil Procedure Act (3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 27) [see Read v. Price, (1909) 2 KB 724], and 37 & 38 Vict. c. 57, the (English) Real Property Limitation Act, 1874, certain periods are fixed within which, upon the principle Interest reipublic' ut sit finis litium, particular actions must be brought or proceedings taken.In the case of simple contract the remedy on the contract is barred, leaving the creditor free to enforce his claims by other means which may be still available, such as enforcing a lien, subsequent acknowledgment by the debtor or appropriation of payments, but not by way of set-off (9 Geo. 4, c. 14, s. 3). In regard to land, the right to it is destroyed after the statutory period and neither re-entry nor acknowledgment after the laps...
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