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Home Dictionary Name: public authorities Page: 3 Page 3 of about 200 results ( seconds)National insurance
National insurance. The (English) National Insur-ance Act, 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5, c. 55), introduced by Mr. Lloyd George, established a wide system of compulsory state insurance covering both ill-health and unemployment, which is based upon premiums contributed in part by the employer, in part by the employee, and in part by the State. The Act consisted of three parts, the first dealing with National Health Insurance, the second with Unemployment Insurance, and the third contained miscellaneous provisions. This Act remained the basis of National Health Insurance, although the subject of very extensive amendment, until the National Health Insurance Act, 1924, consolidated the law. The law has been consolidated again by the (English) National Health Insurance Act, 1936 (26 Geo. 5, and 1 Edw. 8, c. 32), amends and repeals the whole of the Acts passed in 1920, 1922, 1924 and 1928. The arrangement is as follows:-Part I. Insured Persons and Contributions.Part II. Benefits.Part III. Approved Soc...
Amends, tender of
Amends, tender of, was by many particular statutes made a defence in an action for a wrong, especially in cases where the wrong had been done by some public authority or person acting in pursuance of an (English) Act of Parliament, as the Highway Act, 1835 (see s. 105), or the (English) Larceny Act, 1861 (see s. 113), in apprehending, for instance, a person found committing an offence against that Act. These are repealed by the (English) Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893, which provides, amongst other things, for the pleading of tender of amends, and for taxation of the defendant's costs between solicitor and client in event of the plaintiff not recovering more than the sum tendered, etc. As to tender upon distress (q.v.), whether before or after impounding but before sale, see Johnson v. Upham, (1859) 2 E&E 250. For wrongful distress, see (English) Distress for Rent Act, 1737, and for trespass on land with disclaimer of title, (English) Limitation Act, 1623 (21 Jac. 1, c. 16), s...
Investigation
Investigation, s. 4(1) of the Code of Criminal Proce-dure, 1898 defines 'investigation' as to include all the proceedings under that Code for the collection of evidence conducted by the police officer or other persons other than a Magistrate in this behalf. Under the Code 'investigation consists generally of the following steps: (i) proceeding to the spot; (ii) ascertainment of the facts and circumstances of the case; (iii) discovery and arrest of the suspected offender; (iv) collection of evidence relating to the commission of the offence which may consist of (a) the examination of various persons (including the accused) and the reduction of their statements into writing, if the officer thinks fit, (b) the search of places of seizure of things considered necessary for the investigation and to be produced at the trial; and (v) formation of the opinion as to whether on the material collected there is a case to place the accused before a Magistrate for trial and if so taking the necessar...
Administrative law
Administrative law, is a separate body of rules relating to administrative authorities and officials, applied in special administrative court. Dicey's Law of the Constitution, 1st Edn. 1885. Dicey's Law of Constitution, 10th Edn., p. 330. See also Re Grosvenor Hotel, London, (No. 2), 1965 Ch D 1210 at p. 1261: (1964) 3 All ER 354; Re Racal case of Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Compensation Commission, (1969) 2 AC 147: (1969) 1 All ER 208 (HL); Breen v. Amalgamated Engineering Union, (1971) 2 QB 175: (1971) 1 All ER 148.Administrative law is understood to mean the law relating to the discharge of functions of a public nature in government and administration. It includes the law relating to functions of public authorities and officers and of tribunals, judicial review of the exercise of those functions, the civil liability and legal protection of those purporting to exercise them and aspects of the means whereby extra-judicial redress may be obtainable at the instance of persons aggrieved. H...
Notice of action
Notice of action. By numerous Statutes-e.g., by the (English) Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834 (4 & 5 Wm. 4, c. 76-both public and private, it was enacted that no action should be brought against persons, acting in pursuance of these statutes, until the expiration of a certain time after notice in writing had been given to the defendant that such action would be brought; but by the (English) Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 61 (see PUBLIC AUTHORITIES), so much of any public general Act as enacts that, in any proceeding to which that Act applies (i.e., in any proceeding against any person for any act done in pursuance of any Act of Parliament, etc.), notice of action is to be given, is repealed....
Compensation
Compensation, according to dictionary it means, 'compensating or being compensated; thing given as recompense;'. In legal sense it may constitute actual loss or expected loss and may extend to physical mental or even emotional suffering, insult or injury or loss, Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Balbir Singh, (2004) 5 SCC 65 (75): AIR 2004 SC 2141.--Making things equivalent, satisfying or making amends, a reward for the apprehension of criminals; also that equivalent in money which is paid to the owners and occupiers of lands taken or injuriously affected for public purposes and under Act of Parliament, e.g., the (English) Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 18), but where the land is acquired compulsorily by a Government Department or any local or Public Authority the compensation is regulated by the (English) Acquisition of Land (Assessment of Compensation) Act, 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5, c. 57) and Rules of 1919, and see Housing Act, 1936, ss. 40 and 42 and Schedules, ...
Consumer
Consumer, 'consumer' would include 'any person who consumes electrical energy supplied by a person who generates electrical energy for his own consumption', Jiyajee Rao Cotton Mills Ltd. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR 1963 SC 414: (1962) Supp 1 SCR 282.The definition of the word 'consumer' shows that it would include a person who consumes energy generated by himself. The proposition that in the matter of the levy of electricity tax the Court should differentiate between cases wherein the energy consumed has been generated by someone other than the consumer and those wherein such energy has been generated by the consumer himself cannot, therefore, be countenanced, State of Mysore v. West Coast Papers Mills Ltd., (1975) 3 SCC 448: AIR 1975 SC 5: (1975) 2 SCR 127.The word 'consumer' is a comprehensive expression. It extends from a person who buys any commodity to consume either as eatable or otherwise from a shop, business house, corporation, store, fair price shop to use of private or p...
Fee
Fee [fr. feoh, Sax.; fee, Dan., cattle; feudum, Med. Lat.; feu, Scot.], property peculiar; reward or recom-pense for services. See FEES. Also an estate of inheritance divided into there species: (1) fee-simple absolute; (2) qualified or conditional or base fee, including (3) fee-tail, formerly fee-conditional. By the (English) Law of Properties Act, 1925, s. 1, a fee-simple absolute in possession and a term of years absolute are the only estates in land capable of being conveyed or created at law. All other estates in land take effect as equitable interests [ibid., s. 1 (4)]. See FEE-SIMPLE.A charge for labour or services esp. professional services; Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 629.A 'fee' is generally defined to be a charge for a special service rendered to individuals by some governmental agency. The distinction between a tax and a fee lies primarily in the fact that a tax is levied as a part of a common burden, while a fee is a payment for a special benefit or privilege, Com...
Limitation of actions and prosecutions
Limitation of actions and prosecutions. By various statutes, of which the first was 21 Jac. 1, c. 16, the (English) Limitation Act, 1623, and the principal succeeding ones, the Real Property Limitation Act, 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 42), the (English) Civil Procedure Act (3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 27) [see Read v. Price, (1909) 2 KB 724], and 37 & 38 Vict. c. 57, the (English) Real Property Limitation Act, 1874, certain periods are fixed within which, upon the principle Interest reipublic' ut sit finis litium, particular actions must be brought or proceedings taken.In the case of simple contract the remedy on the contract is barred, leaving the creditor free to enforce his claims by other means which may be still available, such as enforcing a lien, subsequent acknowledgment by the debtor or appropriation of payments, but not by way of set-off (9 Geo. 4, c. 14, s. 3). In regard to land, the right to it is destroyed after the statutory period and neither re-entry nor acknowledgment after the laps...
Faculties, Court of
Faculties, Court of, a jurisdiction or tribunal belonging to the archbishop. It does not hold pleas in any suits, but creates rights to pews, monuments, and particular places and modes of burial. It has also various powers under 25 Hen. 8, c. 21, in granting licences of different descriptions, as a licence to marry, a faculty to erect an organ in a parish church, to level a churchyard, to remove bodies previously buried, 4 Inst. 337. The Master of the Faculties (Magister ad facultates) appoints Ecclesiastical notaries, and under the Public Notaries Acts, general notaries are appointed from his office. He has inherent jurisdiction to strike the name of any notary public off the roll of notaries public for misconduct (Re Champion, 1906, P. 86). See Phillimore's Eccl. Law, and see NOTARY....
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