Frauds, Statute of, 29 Car. 2, c. 3 (A.D. 1676). This famous statute is said to have been famed by Sir Matthew Hale, Lord Keeper Guilford, and Sir Leoline Jenkins, an eminent civilian. Lord Nottingham used to say of it, that 'every line was worth a subsidy,' and it has been said that at all events the explanation of every line has cost a subsidy, no statute having been the subject of so much litigation. The statute, though it does not apply or have any Act corresponding to it in Scotland, was practically copied by the Irish Parliament in 7 Wm. 3, c. 12, applies generally to the British colonies, and, remarks Mr. Chancellor Kent (2 Com. 494, n. (d), 'carries its influence through the whole body of American juris-prudence, and is in many respects the most comprehensive, salutary, and important legislative regulation on record affecting the security of private rights.'The main object of the statute was to take away the facilities for fraud and the temptation to perjury which arose in verb...
Injury, any damage done to another, either in his person, rights, reputation, or property, for which an action lies at law.Injury has been defined in s. 44 of the Penal Code as denoting 'any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, in body mind, reputation or property, S. Harnam Singh v. State (Delhi Admn), AIR 1976 SC 2140 (2145): (1976) 2 SCC 819. (Penal Code, 1860, s. 44)The word 'injury' denotes any harm whatever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or propery. (Penal Code, 1860, s. 44)Injury, Black's Law Dictionary contains the definition for the word 'Injury' (at p. 706 in the 5th Edn.) as 'any wrong or damage done to another either to his person, rights reputation or property'. The alternative meaning given therein is: 'The invasion of any legally protected interest of another'.Injury as 'any harm whatever, illegally caused to any person in body, mind, reputation or property'. [See Indian Penal Code, 1860] word 'Injury' in s. 23 of the Contract Act shou...
King's proctor, the proctor or solicitor representing the Crown in the Probate and Divorce Court. In proper cases it is his duty to intervene in petitions for dissolution or for declaration of nullity of marriage to defeat collusion or the suppression of material facts. In his official capacity he cannot intervene to show cause against a decree nisi for dissolution of marriage being made absolute without the leave of the Court, Gray v. Gray, (1861) 30 LJP&M 96. In the case of an unsuccessful intervention the King's Proctor may be condemned in costs, Carter v. Carter, 1910 P. 151. See (English) Judicature Act, 1925, s. 181....
Lease [either from locatio, Lat., the letting of property, or laisser, Fr., to let, or leapum, or leasum, Sax., to enter lawfully], sometimes also called demise (demissio), is a grant of property for life, or years, or from year to year or at will, by one who has greater interest in the property. The person granting is called the lessor, who is possessed of the reversion (as to a reversion being essential to a lease, see 1 Platt on Lease, pp. 9 et seq.); he to whom the property is granted, the lessee. The consideration is usually the payment of a rent or other annual recompense. The ancient operative words were 'demise, lease, and to farm let,' or 'demise and lease.'The (English) Law of Property Act,1925, makes a distinction between leases for years which become legal estates if they consist of terms of years absolute and leases for life which have been converted into merely equitable interests if created under a settlement, but by s. 149 of the Act leases for life at a rent or in cons...
Legitimation per subsequens matrimonium. The legitimation of a bastard by the subsequent marriage of his parents. Formerly not recognized by the Law of England, though always allowed under the Civil Law in Scotland and most European countries and many British colonies.Now recognised in England and Wales by the Legitimacy Act, 1926 (16 & 17 Geo. 5, c. 60), as from 1st January, 1927. The Act provides for the legitimation of an illegitimate person by the subsequent marriage of the parents, but not if the other person was married to a third person at the time of the illegitimate person's birth. It further provides for declarations of legitimacy, the rights of legitimated persons to take interests in property, succession, personal rights and obligations, and as to persons legitimated by extraneous law. See for summary of law before 1927 an article by Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, K.C.S.I., in the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, No. 13, New Series (1904).In the British Colonies ...
Martial law, in India, Parliament by law can impose law in any part of the country in case of grave insurrection and provide for indemnity of acts of persons in the maintenance or restoration of order in any area where martial law was in force, validate any sentence passed, punishment inflicted, forfeiture ordered or any other act done under martial law, Commentary on the Constitution of India, Durga Das Basu, Vol. 2, 4th Edn., p. 297, Constitution of India, Art. 34.Martial Law, in the proper sense of the term, means the suspension of ordinary law and the government of a country or parts of it by military tribunals. It must be clearly distinguished (1) from 'military law' (see that title), and (2) from that 'martial law' which forms part of the laws and usages of war. The term 'martial law' is also sometimes used as meaning the common law right of the Crown to repel force by force in the case of insurrection, invasion or riot, and to take such exceptional measures as may be necessary f...
Matrimonial causes, suits for the redress of injuries respecting the rights of marriage. They were formerly a branch of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, but were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes (now a branch of the High Court of Justice) by 20 & 21 Vict. c. 85.'Matrimonial cause' now means any action for divorce, nullity of marriage, judicial separation, jactitation of marriage or restitution of conjugal rights. (Judicature Act,1925, s. 225)See CONJUGAL RIGHTS; DIVORCE; NULLITY; ADULTERY; MARRIAGE; JUDICIAL SEPARATION; HUSBAND AND WIFE; and ASSIZES; and consult Browne and Latey on Divorce...
May be detained, According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Volume 1, page 531, the word 'detain' means 'to keep in confinement or custody'. Webster's Comprehensive Dictionary, International Edition, at page 349, gives the meaning as to hold in custody, Poonam Lata v. M.L. Wadhawan, AIR 1987 SC 1383: (1987) 3 SCC 347: (1987) 2 SCR 1123.(ii) The words 'may be detained' are words enabling the authority to detain without a board's opinion for the period there provided for, but are not words giving a choice to the authority to apply s. 17A(a) of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act, 1971 or not, Sambhu Nath Sarkar v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1973 SC 1425: (1973) 1 SCC 856: (1974) 1 SCR 1....
Paraphernalia [fr. pap', Gk., beyond; and fer'h, dower], jewellery and ornaments which a husband has given to his wife before or during marriage. Whether these were meant to be absolute gifts or were merely paraphernalia for her adornment as a spouse is a question of fact, Tasker v. Tasker, 1895, P. 1. At law, before the Married Women's Property Act (see MARRIED WOMEN'S PROPERTY), the husband, in his lifetime might dispose of his wife's paraphernalia; excepting, indeed, her necessary apparel; and they were liable to the claims of the husband's creditors, with the like exception. But the wife was entitled to her paraphernalia against his representatives; for the husband could not, by will, dispose of them, or leave them to his represen-tatives Paraphernalia were deemed gifts sub modo only, i.e., for the purpose of being worn by the wife as ornaments of her person, and it is otherwise in the case of wearing apparel purchased by the wife with money supplied by the husband, Masson, Templie...
Resignation, implies that the party resigning has been elected to the office which he resigns: a man cannot 'resign' that which he is not entitled to, Stroud's Judicial Dictionary, Vol. 3, p. 2299.Resignation, is a term of legal art having legal connotations which describe certain legal results. It is characteristically, the voluntary surrender of a position by the person on resigning, made freely and not under duress and the word is generally defined as an act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession or position, Corpus Juris Secundum, Vol. 77, p. 311.Resignation, must be unconditional and with an intention to operate as such, Words and Phrases (Permanent Edition) Vol. 37, p. 476.Means the spontaneous relinquishment of one's own right as conveyed by the maxim. Resignatio est juris propril spontanea refutatio, Black's Law Dictionary, 6th Edn.Resignation, must be made with intention of relinquishment the office accompanied by act of relinquishment, Prabha Aarti v. State of Utta...