Precedent - Law Dictionary Search Results
Home Dictionary Name: precedent Page: 4Enclitic
Affixed subjoined said of a word or particle which leans back upon the preceding word so as to become a part of it and to lose its own independent accent generally varying also the accent of the preceding word...
Markov process
a random process in which the probabilities of states in a series depend only on the properties of the immediately preceding state or the next preceeding state independent of the path by which the preceding state was reached It is distinguished from a Markov chain in that the states of a Markov process may be continuous as well as discrete...
Predecessor
One who precedes one who has preceded another in any state position office etc one whom another follows or comes after in any office or position...
Contingency with a double aspect
Contingency with a double aspect, is a kind of executory interest which maybe termed an alternative interest. This is an 'interest that is only to vest in case the next preceding interest should never vest in any way, through the failure of the contingency on which such preceding interest depends. As when a testator devises to A. for life; and if he have issue male, then to such issue male and his heirs for ever; and if he die without issue male, then to B. and his heirs for ever; or, where a testator bequeaths personal estate to the first son of A., and if A. should have no son, then to B.' These interests, considered in conjunction with those for which they are substitutionary, are sometimes termed 'contingencies with a double aspect.'-Smith's Compendium of Real and Personal Property, 6th Edn., p. 376....
Contingent remainder
Contingent remainder, a remainder limited so as to depend on an event or condition which may never happen or be performed, or which may not happen or be performed till after the determination of the preceding estate, Fearne, Cont. Remainders.The legal estate in contingent remainders has been abolished by the Law of Property Act, 1925, s. 1. S. 4, whoever, provides that they can take effect as equitable interests, and any instrument creating a contingent remainder has become a settlement under s. 1 (ii) of the (English) S.L. Act, 1925. See SETTLED LAND.In Smith d. Dormer v. Parkhurst, (1740) 18 Vin. Abr. 413; 6 Bro. Cas. Par. 351, the Court held that, in every case where an estate is given to A. for life, the grantor has an interest remaining in him to enter upon the estate, if it should determine by any act of the tenant amounting to a forfeiture; that this right is inherent in the grantor, from the nature of the estate itself, and may be conveyed to trustees; and that, when it is conv...
County sessions
County sessions. They are the general quarter sessions of the peace for each county, and are held four times a year; by the (English) Criminal Justice Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5, c. 86), s. 22, they shall instead of being held at the times prescribed by s. 35 of the Law Terms Act, 1830, be held at such times within the period of 21 days immediately preceding or immediately following March 25th, June 24th, September 29th, December 25th.In London County (see S.R. & O., 1932, No. 418) Quarter Sessions shall be held at Newington January, April, July and October, and the first sessions held in each of these months shall be Geneal Quarter Sessions; Adjourned Quarter Sessions shall also be held in all months at intervals of not less than two weeks or more than three weeks after the beginning of each preceding Quarter Sessions or Adjourned Quarter Sessions. see QUARTER SESSIONS....
Markov chain
A random process Markov process in which the probabilities of discrete states in a series depend only on the properties of the immediately preceding state or the next preceeding state independent of the path by which the preceding state was reached It differs from the more general Markov process in that the states of a Markov chain are discrete rather than continuous Certain physical processes such as diffusion of a molecule in a fluid are modelled as a Markov chain See also random walk...
Dignities
Dignities, a species of incorporeal hereditament, in which a man may have a property or estate. As an incorporeal hereditament, a dignity was held to be 'land' within the meaning of s. 37 of the Settled Land Act, 1882 [Re Rivett-Carnac, (1885) 30 Ch D 136]. See now ss. 67 and 75 (5) of the Settled Land Act, 1925. Dignities were originally annexed to the possession of certain estates in land, and created by a grant of those estates; or, at all events, that was the most usual course. And although they are little more than personal distinctions, they are still classed under the head of real property; and as having relation to land, in theory at least, may be entailed by the Crown, within the Statute de Donis; or limited in remainder, to commence after the determination of a preceding estate-tail in the same dignity. See PEOPLE; PRECEDENCE....
Marriage
Marriage. Marriage as understood in Christendom is the voluntary union for life of one man and one woman, to the exclusion of all others, Hyde v. Hyde, 1866 LR 1 P&D 130. Where a marriage in a foreign country complies with these requirements it is immaterial that under the local law dissolution can be obtained by mutual consent or at the will of either party with merely formal conditions of official registration, and it constitutes a valid marriage according to English law, Nachimson v. Nachimson, 1930, P. 217. Previous to 1753 the validity of marriage was regulated by ecclesiastical law, not touched by any statutory nullity but modified by the Common law Courts, which sometimes interfered with the Ecclesiastical Courts, by prohibition, sometimes themselves decide on the validity of a marriage, presuming a marriage in fact as opposed to lawful marriage. A religious ceremony by an ordained clergyman was essential to a lawful marriage, at all events for dower and heirship; but if in an i...
Or is otherwise unfit for human consumption
Or is otherwise unfit for human consumption, the words 'or' is otherwise unfit for human consumption are disjunctive of the rest of the words preceding them. It relates to a distinct and separate class altogether. The clause 'or is otherwise unfit for human consumption' is residuary provision which would apply to a case not covered by or falling squarely within the clauses preceding it. If the phrase is to be read disjunctively the mere proof of the article of food being 'filthy, putrid, rotten,decomposed.... or insect infested' would be per se sufficient to bring within the purview of theword 'adulterated' as defined in sub-clause (f) and it would not be necessary in such a case toprove further that the article of food was unfit for human consumption, Municipal Corporation v. Tek Chand Bhatia, (1980) 1 SCC 158: AIR 1980 SC 360 (362). [Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, s. 2(1)(f)]...
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