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Boundaries
Boundaries are the lines marking the division between two adjacent territories. The boundary may be (a) physical, or (b) national and supported by documentary or other evidence. (a) may consist of walls, fences, hedges or ditches, and the presumption is that the outer line along the top line of the ditch bank furthest from the hedge marks the boundary of the land on which the hedge, if any, is erected, because the owner of the soil would be presumed to throw up the soil on the his own land for the hedge, but this presumption may be rebutted. Simple fences or ditches and walls frequently belong to the owners of both properties in common, see PARTY WALL.Physical boundaries may also be roads or non-tidal streams, see Ad medium fil', or the sea or tidal rives, in which case the high-water mark of medium tides is presumed to be the boundary. Williams Real Property, 23rd Edn., p. 463. (b) Unmarked or imaginary boundaries are generally ascertained by reference to maps or plans, or by descript...
Complaint
Complaint. This term is most generally used with reference to Courts of Summary Jurisdiction where proceedings are commenced 'on information,' but is also sometimes used to describe a claim in an action of a civil or quasi-civil character. See STATE-MENT OF CLAIM. As to when a 'complaint' made to a third person and not in the presence of the accused is admissible as evidence, see R. v. Osborne, (1905) 1 KB 551, and as to statements made in the presence of the accused, see R. v. Norton, (1910) 2 KB 496.Means any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report. [Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), s. 2 (d)]Means--(i) a consumer; or(ii) any voluntary consumer association registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) or under any other law for the time being in force; or(iii) the Central Government or any State G...
County Councils
County Councils. The elective bodies established by the Local Government Act, 1888 (c. 41), to manage certain specified administrative business of each county (see LOCAL GOVERNMENT), formerly managed by the justices of the peace (who are nominated by the Crown) in quarter sessions,and other administrative business mentioned in the Act, and consisting of 'the chairman, aldermen, and councillors.' The (English) Local Government Act, 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5, c. 51), consolidates with amendments the enactments relating to local authorities.The councillors are elected, for separate electroal divisions,' the qualification for elctors being that required under the Representation of the People Acts, and the qualification for being elected similar to that required for electionto office onany local authority. Ministers of religion are not disqulaified, and peers owing property in the county and persons registered as parliamentary voters in respect of the ownership of property in the county are qual...
Jury
Jury [fr. jurata, Lat.; jure, Fr.], a number of persons sworn to deliver a verdict upon evidence delivered to them touching the issue.Trial by jury may be traced to the earliest Anglo-Saxon times. One of the judicial customs of the Saxons was that a man might be cleared of an accusation of certain crimes, if an appointed number of persons (juratores, or more properly compurgatores) came forward and swore to a veredictum, that they believed him innocent. It is remarkable that for accusations of any consequence among the Saxons on the continent, twelve juratores was the number required for an acquittal. Similar customs may be observed in the laws of Athens and Rome, where dikaotai and judices answer to jurors, an of the continental Angli and Frisiones, though the number of jurors varied.See, as to the introduction and growth of trial by jury in England, Forsyth's History of Trial by Jury; and for comments on and proposed amendments of the law, see Erle's Jury Laws and their Amendment, pu...
Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871
Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871 (English) (34 & 35 Vict. c. 112). This Act, which was amended by the Prevention of Crimes Act, 1879 (42 & 43 Vict. c. 55), and which repeals and replaces the Habitual Criminals Act, 1869, provides for the keeping of a register of criminals, and the photographing of all persons convicted of crime with a view to their identification, and for subjecting to the supervision of the police persons who have been twice convicted of crime, and for the amendment of the law with regard to licences under the Penal Servitude Acts. See also PREVENTIVE DETEN-TION; BORSTAL INSTITUTION; and PENAL SERVITUDE....
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