Personal Liberty - Law Dictionary Search Results
Home Dictionary Name: personal liberty Page: 3Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum
Habeas corpus ad subjiciendum (that you have the body to answer). This, the most celebrated prerogative writ in the English law, is a remedy for a person deprived of his liberty. It is addressed to him who detains another in custody, and commands him to produce the body, with the day and cause of his caption and detention, and to do, submit to, and receive whatever the judge or Court shall consider in that behalf. The writ is applied for either by motion to a Court or application to a judge, supported by an affidavit of the facts. (See (English) Crown Office Rules, 1906, rr. 216-230.) If a probable ground be shown that the party is imprisoned without a cause and has a right to be delivered, this writ ought of right to be granted to every man committed or detained in prison or otherwise restrained, though by command of the sovereign, the Privy Council, or any other power. Therefore there is an absolute necessity of express-ing upon every commitment the reason for which it is made, that ...
due process
due process 1 : a course of formal proceedings (as judicial proceedings) carried out regularly, fairly, and in accordance with established rules and principles called also procedural due process 2 : a requirement that laws and regulations must be related to a legitimate government interest (as crime prevention) and may not contain provisions that result in the unfair or arbitrary treatment of an individual called also substantive due process NOTE: The guarantee of due process is found in the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which states “no person shall…be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,” and in the Fourteenth Amendment, which states “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” The boundaries of due process are not fixed and are the subject of endless judicial interpretation and decision-making. Fundamental to procedural due process is adequate notice prior t...
Due process of law
Due process of law, A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27: 1950 SCR 88. [Constitution of India, Art. 21]It embraces the fundamental concept of a fair trial, with opportunity to be heard, Thomas v. Baptiste (PC), (1999) 3 WLR 249.Is a concept adopted by the American Constitution the process of law which hears before it condemns; judiciary can declare a law bad, if it is not in accordance with due process even though the legislation may be within the competence of the legislature concerned, Commentary on the Constitution of India, Durga Das Basu, 6th Edn., Vol. D, p. 83.Is a standard which determines the contents of 'due process' is the fundamental principle of liberty and justice, the essentials of a fair trial, the fundamental fairness etc., , Commentary on the Constitution of India, Durga Das Basu, 6th Edn., Vol. D, p. 83.It has a procedural and substantive meaning, the requirements of procedural due process are public trial, not vitiated by pressure from any mob, impartial ...
Imprisonment
Imprisonment, 'imprisonment' shall mean imprisonment of either description as defined in theIndian Penal Code. [General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), s. 3(27)]The restraint of a person's liberty under the custody of another. It extends in law to confinement not only in a gaol, but in a house, or stocks, or to hold-ing a man in the street, etc.; for in all these cases the person so restrained is said to be a prisoner, so long as he has not his liberty freely to go about his business as at other times, Co. Litt. 253. See FALSE IMPRISONMENT.Imprisonment for Crime.--Any common law mis-demeanour is punishable after conviction on indictment by fine or imprisonment or both, at the discretion of the court. Imprisonment for not more than two years is very frequently authorised, as an alternative to penal servitude, by the (English) Offences against the Person Act, 1861, and other Acts set out in Chitty's Statutes, tit. 'Criminal Law.' As to the right of any person convicted by a Court of Summ...
Bail
Bail [fr. bailler, Fr., to hand over], to set at liberty a person arrested or imprisoned, on security being taken for his appearance on a day and at a place certain, which security is called bail, because the party arrested or imprisoned is delivered into the hands of those who bind themselves or become bail for his due appearance when required, in order that he may be safely protected from prison, to which they have, if they fear his escape, etc., the legal power to deliver him.Means a security such as cash or a bond, especially security required by court for the release of a prisoner who must appear at a further time, Black Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 135.Bail, a temporary release of a prisoner in exchange for security given for the prisoner's appearance at a later hearing, Webster's Dictionary of Law, Indian Edn., (2005), p. 41.Bail may be given either in civil or criminal cases.In civil cases there were, before the abolition of arrest on mesne process by the Debtors Act, 1869:-(1)...
Fer' natur', animals
Fer' natur', animals. Beasts and birds of a wild disposition, such as deer, hares, coneys in a warren, pheasants, partridges, etc., as distingui-shed from those domit' natur', or tame, such as horses, sheep, poultry, etc. They are not whilst living the subjects of absolute property, so that they cannot be the subject of larceny, nor are they liable to distress for rent. But a man may acquire a qualified property in them, either (1) Per industriam, by his reclaiming and making them tame by art and industry, or by so confining them that they cannot escape, e.g., deer in a park, hares or rabbits in an enclosed warren, etc. The property in them only continues so long as they remain in a man's actual possession, but ceases if they regain their liberty, unless they have animus revertendi, as in the case of pigeons, tame hawks, etc. (2) Ratione impotenti', on account of their inability, as when birds, coneys, etc., make their nests or burrows on a mans' land, then he has a qualified property ...
Delegated legislation
Delegated legislation, Delegated Legislation has been defined by Salmond as 'that which proceeds from any authority other than the sovereign power and is therefore dependent for its continued exis-tence and validity on some superior or supreme authority'. (See: Salmond, Jurisprudence, 12th Edn., page 116), Agricultural Marks Committees v. Shalimar Chemical Works, AIR 1997 SC 2502 (2506): (1997) 5 SCC 516.Most of the delegated legislation is called statutory instruments, they are to be laid before Parliament and are subject to approval or disapproval by either House; Parliamentary Practice, Erskine May, 22nd Edn., 1997, p. 576.In England, the practice of delegating legislative power increased tremendously after the Reform Bill of 1872 and reforms in Local Government, the first world was caused a further rapid rise in delegated legislation, The Office of the Speaker in the Parliaments of Commonwealth, by Wilding and Philip Laundry, p. 200.The Parliament lays down the principles of law an...
Slavery
Slavery, that civil relation in which one man has absolute power over the liberty of another. It cannot subsist in England. See Sommersett's case, (1771-2) 20 St. Tr. 1; Lofft, 1; Broom's Const. Law, pp. 65 et seq., where it was held that a person forcibly detained as a slave was entitled to be discharged on a habeas corpus.1. A situation in which one person has absolute power over the life, fortune and liberty of another 2. The practice of keeping individuals in such a state of bondage or servitude, Black's Law Diction-ary, 7th Edn., p. 1393.The system of colonial slavery ws abolished by 3 & 4 Wm. 4, c. 73. See 5 Geo. 4, c. 113; 7 Wm. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 91; 2 & 3 Vict. c. 73; 6 & 7 Vict. c. 98; 7 & 8 Vict. c. 26; 8 & 9 Vict. c. 122; 26 & 27 Vict. c. 34; and 32 & 33 Vict. c. 75. The various Acts for carrying into effect the treaties for the more effectual suppression of the slave trade were amended and consolidated by the 36& 37 Vict. c. 88 (many previous Acts being thereby repealed). See,...
Tenure
Tenure, cannot be equated with 'terms and con-ditions of services' or payment of gravity or pension. Tenure when followed by words of office, means term of office, Punjab University v. Khalsa College, Amritsar, AIR 1971 P&H 479: 1971 Cur LJ 334.Means a right, term, or mode of holding lands or tenements in subordination to a superior; in fendal times, real property was held predominantly as part of a tenure system, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 1481.Tenure, the mode of holding property. The only tenures in land now existing with a few unimpor-tant exceptions are (1) free and common socage in fee-simple, including enfranchised copyhold, which is subject to paramount incidents; and (2) a term of years absolute (see LAND). The idea of tenure or holding is said to derive from feudalism, which separated the dominium directum (the dominion of the soil), which it placed mediately, or immediately, in the Crown, from the dominium utile (the possessory title), the right to use the profits ...
habeas corpus
habeas corpus [Medieval Latin, literally, you should have the body (the opening words of the writ)] : any of several writs originating at common law that are issued to bring a party before the court ;esp : habeas corpus ad subjiciendum in this entry [the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it "U.S. Constitution art. I"] habeas corpus ad fa·ci·en·dum et re·ci·pi·en·dum [-ad-fa-sē-en-dəm-et-ri-si-pē-en-dəm, -fa-shē-en-; -Ä d-fÄ -kē-en-dm-et-rā-kē-pē-en-dm] [New Latin, literally, you should have the body for doing and receiving] : habeas corpus cum causa in this entry habeas corpus ad pro·se·quen·dum [-ad-prÄ -si-kwen-dəm, -Ä d-prō-sā-kwen-dm] [New Latin, literally, you should have the body for prosecuting] : a writ for removing a prisoner for trial i...
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