Original Intent - Law Dictionary Search Results
Home Dictionary Name: original intent Page: 4Negotiable instruments
Negotiable instruments, those the right of action upon which is, by exception from the common rule, freely assignable from one to another, such as bills of exchange and promissory notes. Any person acquiring a negotiable instrument for value and in good faith can enforce the contract contained in it against the person liable on it, although the person from whom he has obtained it had no title. See also CHOSE.Promissory notes were made negotiable by 3 & 4 Anne, c. 9. and 7 Anne, c. 25, and placed in all respects upon the same footing with inland bills of exchange. [s. 13(1), Negotiable Instrument Act]The (English) Bills of Exchange Act, 1882, contains the law as to negotiation of bills of exchange, promissory notes, and cheques. S. 31 declares that these instruments are negotiated when they are transferred from one person to another in such a manner as to constitute the transferee the holder of them, and s. 32 enumerates the conditions under which an indorsement may operate as a negotia...
Misrepresentation
Misrepresentation, 'Misrepresentation' means and includes--(1) the positive assertion, in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true;(2) any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage to the person committing it, or any one claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice or to the prejudice of any one claiming under him;(3) causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement, to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement. [(English) Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872), s. 18)]Misrepresentation, i.e., suggestio falsi, if a matter of substance essentially material to the subject, whether by acts or bywords, by man'uvres, or by positive assertions or material concealment (suppressio veri) whereby a person is misled and damnified.In equity it is immaterial whether the misrepresent or knew the matter to be false, or asserted it, wi...
Merger
Merger [fr. mergo, Lat., to sink], an annihilation, by act of law, of a particular in an expectant estate consequent upon their union in the same person without an intervening estate in another person--thus accelerating into possession the expectant which swallows up the particular estate. It is the drowning of one estate in another, and differs from suspension, which is but a partial extinguishment for a time; while extinguishment, properly so termed, is the destruction of a collateral thing in the subject itself out of which it is derived. 'In order that there may be a merger, the two estates which are supposed to coalesce must be vested in the same person at the same time and in the same right' [Re Radcliffe, (1892) 1 Ch 231, per Lindley, LJ]. An estate tail, however is an exception to the rule; for a man may have in his own right both an estate tail and a reversion in fee; and the estate tail, though a less estate, will not merge in the fee, 2 Bl. Com. 177.The doctrine of merger pr...
Domicile and residence
Domicile and residence, etymologically, 'residence' and 'domicile' carry the same meaning, inasmuch as both refer to the permanent home, but under Private International Law, 'domicile' carries a little different sense and exhibits many facets. In spite of having a permanent home, a person may have a commercial, a political or forensic domicile. 'Domicile' may also take many colours; it may be domicile of origin, domicile of choice, domicile by operation of law or domicile of dependence. In Private International Law domicile' jurisprudentially has a different concept altogether, Union of India v. Dudh Nath Pandey, AIR 2000 SC 525 (532): (2002) 2 SCC 20.In spite of having a permanent home, a person may have a commercial, a political or a forensic domicil, Union of India v. Dudh Nath Prasad, (2000) 2 SCC 20.It means a person must have a permanant home in Chandigarh or he has been there for years with the intention to live there permanently or indefinitely, Chandigarh Housing Board v. Gurm...
Insurance
Insurance, see, Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), s. 80C, Expl. 1.Insurance, the act of providing against a possible loss, by entering into a contract with one who is willing to give assurance, that is, to bind himself to make good such loss should it occur. In this contract, the chances of benefit are equal to the insured and the insurer. The first actually pays a certain sum, and the latter undertakes to pay a larger, if an accident should happen. The one renders his property secure; the other receives money with the probability that it is clear gain. The instrument by which the contract is made is called a policy; the stipulated consideration, a premium. As to what is known as a coupon policy, i.e., a coupon cut out of a diary, etc., see General Accident, etc., Assce. Corpn. v. Robertson, 1909 AC 404.Insurable Interest must be possessed by the person taking out a policy; he must be so circumstanced as to have benefit from the existence of the person or thing insured, and some preju...
Forgery, fraud
Forgery, fraud, Forgery has its origin in the French word 'Forger', which signifies 'to frame or fashion a thing as the smith doth his work upon the anvil. And it is used in our law for the fraudulent making and publishing of false writings to the prejudice of another man's right (Terms de la Ley) (Stroud's Judicial Dictionary, Fifth Edition Vol. 2). In Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, Internatio-nal Education, 'Forgery' is defined as: 'The act of falsely making or materially altering, was intent to defraud; any writing which, if genuine, might be of legal efficacy or the foundation of a legal liability', Indian Bank v. Satyam Fibres, AIR 1996 SC 2592 (2598): (1996) 5 SCC 550....
Dissenters Chapels Act
Dissenters Chapels Act (7 & 8 Vict. c. 45), (statutory title, 'The (English) Nonconformist Chapels Act, 1844'), an Act passed in 1844 for the relief of Unitarians, though it applies to Nonconformists of every description. Its effect is to exclude, by a special law of limitation made for that express purpose, all inquiry into the conformity or otherwise of the doctrines taught or ritual practised in any chapel or meeting-house of any Non-conformist body, or the intentions of the founders by whom the building or its accessories or endowments were given, when such doctrines have been taught there, or such ritual practised, for the last twenty-five years; unless they are, in express terms, prohibited or excluded by some written instrument governing the foundation. The Act was passed inconsequence of the decision in what is commonly known as 'Lady Hewley's Case', Shore v. Wilson, (1842) 9 Cl&F 355, in which it was held by the House of Lords that Unitarian congregations, inspite of long and ...
Discrimination
Discrimination, when used in Art. 304(a), involves an element of intentional and purposeful differentiation thereby creating economic barrier and involves an element of an unfavourable bias. It implies an unfair classification, Video Electronics P. Ltd. v. State of Punjab, AIR 1990 SC 820 (832): (1990) 3 SCC 87. [Constitution of India, Art. 304(a)]The Constitution of India prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen in respect of any employment under it on the grounds of religion, race, caste sex, etc., Constitution of India, Art. 16(2).In India, Constitution prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, sex, place of birth or any of them by putting restriction on their access and use certain public places, Constitution of India, Art. 15(1) and (2).The State is empowered to make special provisions for women, children socially and educationally backward classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes citizens in this regard, Con...
Consolidation of mortgages
Consolidation of mortgages. When different pro-perties are mortgaged by the same mortgage or to the same mortgagee for different debts, it was formerly the right of the mortgagee to refuse to allow the mortgagor to redeem one of the mortgages without also redeeming the others, the effect being to throw the whole of the debts on the whole of the properties and thus 'consolidate' the mortgages. This right of the mortgagee was an application of the maxim, 'He who seeks equity must do equity'; it was not considered fair to the mortgagee to allow the mortgagor to pay off one mortgage, which perhaps was well secured, and leave the mortgagee with another mortgage on his hands which might be very insufficiently secured. But though the doctrine was not unfair or unreasonable as originally applied, it came to be extended to cases where, owing to devolutions of title having taken place, its application was manifestly unjust, and attempts were made by the Courts to limit its exercise. Finally, the...
Confusion, property by
Confusion, property by. Where goods of two persons are so intermixed that the several portions can no longer be distinguished; if the intermixture be by consent, it is supposed that the proprietors have an interest in common, in proportion to their respective shares; but if one wilfully intermix his money, corn, or hay, with that of another man, without his approbation or knowledge, or cast gold in like manner into another's melting-pot or crucible, our law allows no remedy in such a case, but gives the entire property without any account to him whose original dominion or property is invaded, and endeavoured to be rendered uncertain without his consent, 2 Bl. Com. 405. See also Vin. Abr. Justification (B) and Instit. of Justin. 1. Ii. tit. 1, ss. 27-34.As to the position where a person pays money held by him in a fiduciary character into his own banking account, see Re Hallett'' Estate, (1879) 13 Ch D 696; Sinclair v. Brougham, 1914 AC 398.By the (English) Solicitors Act, 1933 (23 & 24...
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