Northern Ireland - Law Dictionary Search Results
National insurance
National insurance. The (English) National Insur-ance Act, 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5, c. 55), introduced by Mr. Lloyd George, established a wide system of compulsory state insurance covering both ill-health and unemployment, which is based upon premiums contributed in part by the employer, in part by the employee, and in part by the State. The Act consisted of three parts, the first dealing with National Health Insurance, the second with Unemployment Insurance, and the third contained miscellaneous provisions. This Act remained the basis of National Health Insurance, although the subject of very extensive amendment, until the National Health Insurance Act, 1924, consolidated the law. The law has been consolidated again by the (English) National Health Insurance Act, 1936 (26 Geo. 5, and 1 Edw. 8, c. 32), amends and repeals the whole of the Acts passed in 1920, 1922, 1924 and 1928. The arrangement is as follows:-Part I. Insured Persons and Contributions.Part II. Benefits.Part III. Approved Soc...
Roman Catholics
Roman Catholics. Very severe laws, commonly called the penal laws, were passed against Roman Catholics, generally under the name of Papists (see that title), after the Reformation, an Act of Elizabeth, for instance, 13 Eliz. c. 2, punishing with the penalties of a pr'munire (see that title) any person bringing into this country any Agnus Dei, cross, picture, etc., from Rome; an Act of James, 3 Jac. 1, c. 5, penalizing the sale or purchase of Popish primers; and an Act of William and Mary (11 & 12 Wm. 3, c. 4), punishing any Papist assuming the education of youth with imprisonment for life. Exclusion from Parliament was effected by the requirement of the Declaration against Trans-ubstantiation (see TRANSUBSTANT- IATION) from members of either House by 30 Car. 2, s. 2, and disfranchisement by the requirements of the Oath of Supremacy by 7 & 8 Wm. 3, c. 27, s. 19; while 7 & 8 Wm. 3, c. 24, effected (until 1791) exclusion from the profession of barrister, attorney, or solicitor by requirin...
Tenant-right
Tenant-right, in England--(1) a custom ensuring to an out-going tenant compensation from his landlord for not being able to reap the full benefit of labour or improvements expended or made during the tenancy; or (2) the money due in pursuance of the custom. There is an implied contract by the landlord to pay this [Faviell v. Gaskoin, (1852) 7 Ex 273], and a custom throwing liability on the incoming tenant is bad [Bradburn v. Foley, (1878) 3 CPD 129] though as a matter of act and for convenience the incoming tenant generally pays the compensation by agreement with the landlord.Also the name given to tenures in ancient demesne in the North of England.See also CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY and AGRI-CULTURAL HOLDINGS; MARKET GARDEN.In Ireland, also a custom either ensuring a permanence of tenure in the same occupant without liability to any other increase of rent than may be sanctioned by the general sentiment of the community; or entitling a tenant of a farm to receive purchase-money, amounting t...
University
University, an association of learners, and of teachers and examiners of the learners, upon whose report the association grants upon whose report the association grants titles called 'degrees' (such as 'Master of Arts,' 'Doctor of Divinity'), showing that the holders have attained some definite proficiency.The English Universities are those of Oxford, Cambridge (incorporated by 13 Eliz. c. 29, by the two names of the Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Cambridge respectively, with the direction that they shall be called and named by none other name for evermore), Durham, London, Victoria of Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, and East Midland University Nottingham, the graduates of which (see University of Liverpool Act, 1904; (English) University of Leeds Act, 1904; and (English) Sheffield University Act, 1914) have equal statutory privileges and exemptions; and Reading University (see 18 & 19 Geo. 5, c. 25). There is also the Uni...
House of Commons
House of Commons, one of the constituent parts of Parliament, being the assembly of knights of shires, or the representatives of counties; citizens, or the representatives of cities; and burgesses, or the representatives of boroughs.The lowest chamber of British and Canadian Parlia-ment, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 744.Property Qualification.--The property qualification of members, which was by 1 & 2 Vict. c. 48, amending 9 Anne, c. 5, by allowing personal property to count fixed at 600l. a year for a county, and 300l. a year for a borough member, was abolished in 1858 by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 26.Payment of Members.--Members were from very early times entitled to payment at the rate of 4s. a day for county, and 2s. a day for borough members, payable by their constituents. This has never been abolished, and is recognized by the unrepeated 6 Hen. 8, c. 16, by which members may not depart from Parliament without licence from the Speaker on pain of losing their 'wages,' though 35 Hen. ...
Time
Time. before 1751 the legal year in England began on the 25th March, therein differing from the common usage in the whole kingdom, and the legal method in Scotland. In 1751 the Gregorian, or present, calendar was substituted for the Julian Calendar by 24 Geo. 2, c. 23.1. A measure of duration 2. A point in or period of duration at or during which something is alleged to have occurred 3. Slang. A convicted criminal's period of incarceration, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.Time in Acts of Parliament (see, e.g., the definition of night in the Larceny Act) and legal instruments means, in Great Britain, Greenwich mean time, and in Ireland, Dublin mean time, by virtue of the Statute (Definition of Times) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9). See, however, Gordon v. Cann, (1899) 68 LJQB 434. The effect of the Summer Time Act, 1922, continued annually, should be noted. The time for Great Britain, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man is one hour in advance of Greenwich time dur...
Warranty
Warranty, a guarantee or security; formerly a promise or covenant by deed by the bargainer, for himself and his heirs, to warrant and secure the bargainee and his heirs against all persons for the enjoying of the thing granted accompanied by a promise, express or implied, that if eviction should take place, the warrantor would substitute an equivalent estate in its place-see Co. Litt. 365 a. In that form it has been superseded in practice by 3 & 4 Wm. 4, cc. 27 (s. 39) and 74 (s. 14). See RECOVERY.More generally, a warranty is any agreement either accompanying a transfer of property, or collateral to the contract for such transfer, see Lawrence v. Cassell, (1930) 2 KB 83, and Miller v. Cannon Hill Estates Ltd., (1931) 2 KB 113, or to any other agreement or transaction, and in so far as it is a contract a warranty does not differ from any other contractual promise. A warranty may be express or implied by law or statute.For instances of implied warranties, see that title, CAVEAT EMPTOR, ...
Sugar subsidy
Sugar subsidy. The British Sugar (Subsidy) Act, 1925 (15 Geo. 5, c. 12), provided for a subsidy on sugar and molasses manufactured in Great Britain in the 10 years 1st October, 1924-34 (extended to 31st August, 1936, by amending Acts), from beet grown in Great Britain, and for excise duties on the products manufactured in Great Britain and Northern Ireland from beet grown there...
Succession duties
Succession duties. The (English) Succession Duty Act, 1853, amended by 22 & 23 Vict. c. 21, ss. 12-15, and by the Customs and Inland Revenue Acts, 1881, 1888, and 1889, imposed a new set of duties, varying in amount from 1 per cent. in the case of a child succeeding a parent to 10 per cent. in the case of succession to a stranger in blood, upon real or personal property to which any person succeeds on the death of another. The duty is calculated on the capitalized value for the life of the successor of the property succeeded to, in accordance with a table schedule to the Act of 1853; e.g., if a person aged fifty succeed to property worth 100l. a year, he pays succession duty upon 1242l. 19s. 6d.Succession duties are payable as a rule at the same rate as legacy duty in respect of all property liable to be administered by any Court in Great Britain and Northern Ireland--unlike legacy duty, it falls on property passing by death (succession), under disposition by deed or other instrument (...
Security for costs
Security for costs. In certain cases a plaintiff, before proceeding with his action, may be required to give security for the costs of it. The principal cases in which security may be required are the following: (1) Where the plaintiff is resident abroad, but if he resides in Scotland or Northern Ireland security will not be required: aliter, in the Irish Free State, Wakely v. Triumph Cycle Co., 40 TLR 15 (CA); (2) where he mis-describes his residence, or is keeping out of the way; (3) where he is only a nominal plaintiff and is insolvent; (4) where he is a privileged person, e.g., an ambassador's servant; (5) where the plaintiff is a limited company ((English) Companies Act, 1929, s. 371). But security cannot be required from a plaintiff on the mre ground of poverty or insolvency; or from a defendant, unless by reason of a counterclaim he is really in the position of a plaintiff; or from a person compelled to litigate. Security for costs may extend as well to past as future costs.The ...
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