University, an association of learners, and of teachers and examiners of the learners, upon whose report the association grants upon whose report the association grants titles called 'degrees' (such as 'Master of Arts,' 'Doctor of Divinity'), showing that the holders have attained some definite proficiency.
The English Universities are those of Oxford, Cambridge (incorporated by 13 Eliz. c. 29, by the two names of the Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Cambridge respectively, with the direction that they shall be called and named by none other name for evermore), Durham, London, Victoria of Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, and East Midland University Nottingham, the graduates of which (see University of Liverpool Act, 1904; (English) University of Leeds Act, 1904; and (English) Sheffield University Act, 1914) have equal statutory privileges and exemptions; and Reading University (see 18 & 19 Geo. 5, c. 25). There is also the University of Wales (see University of Wales Act, 1902). The Scottish Universities are those of Aberdeen, St. Andrews, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. In northern Ireland, the Queen's University of Belfast; in the Irish Free State, the University of Dublin (and Trinity College), and the National University of Ireland.
Abolition of Tests.-The (English) Universities Tests Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 26), proceeding on the preamble 'that it is expedient that the benefits of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Durham, and of the Colleges and halls now subsisting therein as places of religion and learning, should be rendered freely accessible to the nation, and that by means of divers restrictions, tests, and disabilities many of her Majesty's subjects are debarred from the full enjoyment of the same,' makes various provisions for the removal of religious tests. See Reg. v. Hertford College, (1878) 3 QBD 693, in which it was held that the Act applies only to colleges subsisting before it was passed. The 36 & 37 Vict. c. 21 has made similar alterations in the law with regard to the University of Dublin and Trinity College. The (English) College Charter Act, 1871 (34 & 75 Vict. c. 63), provides that a copy of any application for a charter for a new college or university shall be submitted to Parliament as well as to the Sovereign in Council.
Reforms.-In 1854, by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 81, commissioners were appointed with powers to frame statutes for the better government, etc., of Oxford University, and the colleges therein; and in 1856, by 19 & 20 Vict. c. 88, other commissioners with the like powers as to Cambridge. In 1877, by 40 & 41 Vict. c. 48, commissioners were appointed with the like powers as to both Oxford and Cambridge. See also Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1923, which established two bodies of commissioners, one for Oxford, and the other for Cambridge University, with powers to make statutes and regulations for the University, its colleges and halls, emoluments, endowments trusts, foundations, institutions, etc., in general accordance with the recommendations contained in the Report of the Royal Commission appointed in 1919 to consider the applications made by the universities for financial assistance from the State.
As to the jurisdiction over undergraduates, see CHANCELLORS OF THE TWO UNIVERSITIES. The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act, 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5, c. 71), empowered universities to admit women to membership, degrees, and see infra.
Parliamentary Franchise.-Oxford and Cambridge had the franchise for two members each from the earliest times; London acquired it by ss. 24 and 41-45 of the Representation of the People Act, 1867, for one member, and the Scottish Universities by s. 39 of the Scots Act of 1868.
Men and women of full age and capacity who have received a degree (other than an honorary degree) at any University forming, or forming part of, the constituency, or in the case of Scottish Universities qualified under 31 & 32 Vict. c. 48, s. 37, are entitled to be registered as parliamentary electors for a University constituency, or if a woman, if she has been admitted to and passed the final examination and kept under the conditions required of woman the period of residence necessary for a man to obtain a degree at any University forming or forming part of a University constituency which did not at the time the examination was passed admit women to degrees [see the Repr. Of People (Equal Franchise) Act, 1928]. See Chitty's Statutes, tit. 'Parliament.'
As to Cambridge, see also SPINNING-HOUSE.
Means the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University established under this Act. [Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Act, 1994 (58 of 1994), s. 2(u)]
The term 'university' is usually understood to mean a body incorporated for the purpose of learning with various endowments and privileges, AIR 1993 Del 239 (242).
University, institution of higher education usually comprising a liberal arts and sciences college and graduate and professional school and having the authority to confer degree in various fields of study, New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edn., p. 165.
University, is an aggregation or union of colleges. It is an institution in which the education imparted is universal, embracing many branches, such as the arts, science and all manner of higher learning, and which possesses the power to confer degrees indicating proficiency in the branches taught, American Jurisprudence, 2d.
University, is the whole body of teachers and scholars engaged, at a particular place, in giving and receiving instruction in the higher branches of learning: such persons associated together as a society or corporate body, with definite organiza-tion and acknowledged power and privileges, and forming an institution for the promotion of education in the higher or more important branches of learning: also, the colleges, buildings and other property belonging to such a body. Although the institutions to which it refers are readily identifiable, precise and accurate definition is difficult. The essential feature of a university seems to be that it was incorporated as such by the sovereign power, Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 15.
Means University defined under cl. (f) of s. 2 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (3 of 1956), and includes an institution deemed to be University under s. 3 of that Act, or an institution specifically empowered by an Act of Parliament to confer or grant degrees. [National Commission for Minority Educational Institution Act, 2004, s. 2(l)]
Means the Centre for Environment Planning and Technology University established and incor-porated under section 3 [Centre for Environment Planning and Technology University Act, 2005 (24 of 2005), s. 2(q)]
Means the university constituted under s. 3 of this Act. [Gujarat Agricultural Universities Act, 2004, s. 2(19)]
The term is usually understood to mean a body incorporated for the purposes of learning, with various endowments and privileges. Such bodies were anciently founded by papal bull or charter, later by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament. They may contain colleges, which are independent corporations similarly founded. The Constitution, functions, and privileges of universities are gover-ned by the term of their instruments of foundation, or by Acts of Parliament. A university usually consists of a Chancellor, a body of graduates, and students. Its government is usually provided for by the creation of a council or senate, which acts as the executive, and has an initiative in such legislation as the University is empowered to carry out, sometimes subject to the king in council, sometimes with the further assent of parliament. It is one of the privileges of a university to confer degrees on those of its students who satisfy the necessary conditions, Y.K. Bammi v. Jawaharlal Nehru University, AIR 1993 Del 239.