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Sokemanries, lands and tenements which were not held by knight service, nor by grand serjeanty, nor by petit, but by simple services; being, as it were, lands enfranchised by the king or his predecessors from their ancient demesne. Their tenants were sokemans....
Firearms
Firearms. This word comprises all sorts of guns, fowling-pieces, blunderbusses, pistols, etc. Their discharge in a street is penal.A weapon that expels a projected (such as ballets or pallets) by combustion of gunpowder or other explosive, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.For the purposes of the (English) Fire Arms Act, 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5, c. 43), 'firearm' means 'any lethal firearm or other weapon of any description from which any shot, bullet or other missile can be discharged, or any part thereof, and the expression 'ammunition' means ammunition for any such firearms, and includes grenades, bombs, and other similar missiles, whether such missiles are capable of use with a firearm or not. The (English) Firearms Act, 1934 (24 & 25 Geo. 5, c. 16), amends the definition by including smoothbore shot gun, air gun, or air rifle and ammunition, if deemed a lethal weapon. A person under seventeen shall not purchase or hire, nor shall anyone sell to such person, a firearm or ammunition. A pe...
Tail
Tail [fr. tailler, Fr., to prune]. An estate-tail was formerly a freehold of inheritance and is now an equitable interest which may be created after 1925 in respect of personalty as well as realty by way of trust and which (if not barred or disposed of by will after 1925) will devolve inequity on the person who would have taken realty as heir of the body or as tenant by the curtesy if the Law of Property Act, 1925, had not been passed [s. 130 (4) (ibid.)]The limitation of an estate so that it can be inherited only by the fee owner's issue or class of issue, Black's Law dictionary 7th Edn., p. 1466.An estate-tail in land now constitutes a settlement. [(English) Settled Land Act, 1925, s. 1]With this and other statutory modifications under the (English) Law of Property Act, 1925, the rules relating to this form of estate are still applicable (a) in the investigation of all titles to land in existence on the 31st December, 1925; (b) in the construction of equitable interests into which th...
Witness
Witness, is a person who testifies in a court, Webster Random House Dictionary, p. 1680.Witness, one who gives evidence in a cause.1. One who sees, knows, or vouches for something2. One who gives testimony, under oath or affirmation, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 1596.A witness must attend in court according to the requirement of his subp'na. If he has not been paid his lawful expenses, he may refuse to be sworn; but if he be once sworn, he must give his evidence. See OATH and AFFIRMATION.In civil cases, as a rule, husband and wife are competent and compellable witnesses against each other [Evidence Amendment Act, 1853 (16 & 17 Vict. c. 83), s. 1], but husbands and wives are not compellable to disclose communications between each other (s. 3 ibid.). As to criminal cases, see Criminal Evidence Act, 1898, as amended, and that title.A witness is not obliged to answer any question which tends to criminate him.On the application of either party, all the witnesses on both sides are or...
Forgery
Forgery [fr. forger, Fr.; or fingo, Lat.], the crimen falsi, or the false making or alteration of an instrument, which purports on the face of it to be good and valid for the purposes for which it was created, with a design to defraud. The forged instrument must be false in itself. The mere subscribing a note, given as the party's own, by a fictitious name, was held not to be forgery, Reg. v. Martin, (1879) 5 QBD 34.The act of fraudulently making a false document or altering a real one to be used as if genuine, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 661.Forgery at Common Law was a misdemeanour but most forgeries have been made felony by statute. Many of these statutes were consolidated by 11 Geo. 4 & 1 Wm. 4, c. 66, repealed and replaced by the Forgery Act, 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 98), but the law now principally depends on the Forgery Act, 1913 (3 & 4 Geo. 5, c. 27, 'an Act to consolidate, simplify and amend the law relating to forgery and kindred offences.' It repeals such portions of s...
Libel
Libel [fr. libellus, Lat.; libelle, Fr.]. False defamatory words, if written and published, constitute a libel: Odgers on libel, p. 1. 'Everything printed or written, which reflects on the character of another, and is published without lawful justification or excuse, is a libel whatever the intention may have been', O'Brien v. Clement, (1846) 15 M & W 435, per Parke, B. A statement in a talking film is a libel and not merely a slander, Yossopoff v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Picture Corporation, 78 Sol Jo 617. As to publication by dictation, etc., to a typist, see Osborn v. Boulter & Son, (1930) 2 KB 226. All contumelious matter that tends to degrade a man in the opinion of his neighbours, or to make him ridiculous, will amount (when conveyed in writing, or by picture, effigy, or the like, Monson v. Tussauds, Ltd., (1894)1 QB 671, to libel. A writing of fictitious character which incidentally contains the name of a real person may be a libel: see Jones v. Hulton & Co., 1910 AC 20, where Lord ...
Family
Family, in relation to a person, includes the ascend-ant and descendant of such person. [Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 (19 of 1976), s. 2(h)]. A group consisting of parents and their children; a group of person connected by blood by affinity, or by law, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 620.In relation to an occupier, means the individual, the wife or husband, as the case may be, of such individual, and their children, brother or sister of such individual. [Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (61 of 1986), s. 2 (v)]In relation to an operator, means his wife and dependant children and includes his dependent parents. [Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983 (35 of 1983), s. 3 (g)]Means:(i) In the case of a male-subscriber the wife or wives, parents, children, minor brothers, unmarried sisters, deceased son's widow and children and where no parent of the subscriber is alive, a paternal grandparent: Provided that if a subscriber proves that his wife has be...
Common
Common, a profit which a man has in the land of another; it derives its name from the community of interest which thence arises between the claimant and the owner of the soil, or between the claimant and other commoners entitled to the same right; all which parties are entitled to bring actions for injuries done to their respective interests, and that both as against strangers and against each other. It is called an incorporeal right, which lies in grant, as if originally commencing in some agreement between lords and tenants, for some valuable consideration which, by lapse of time, being formed into a prescription, continues, although there be no deed or instrument in writing which proves the original contract or agreement. It differs from a rent, principally in freedom of enjoyment on the one hand, and in freedom from obligation on the other; which the law expresses by the quaint antithesis that it lies not in render but in prender. It is also incidentally distinguished by its fruits...
Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus
Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus [Lat.] False in one, false in all. This maxim may properly be applied in those cases only where a witness speaks to a fact with reference to which he cannot be presumed liable to mistake.The maxim falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus (false in one thing, false in every thing) is neither a sound rule of law nor a rule of practice. Hardly one comes across a witness whose evidence does not contain a grain of untruth or at any rate exaggerations, embroideries or embellishments, Vgar Ahir v. State of Bihar, AIR 1965 SC 277 (279).The maxium 'falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus' has no application in India and the witnesses cannot be branded as liars. The maxim 'falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus' has not received general acceptance nor has this maxim come to occupy the status of rule of law. It is merely a rule of caution. All that it amounts to is that in such cases testimony may be disregarded, and not that it must be discarded. The doctrine merely involves the ques...
intervene
intervene -ven·ed -ven·ing 1 : to occur, fall, or come between points of time or events [may be held liable even though other independent agencies between his negligence and the ultimate result "Hooks SuperxInc. v. McLaughlin, 642 N.E.2d 514 (1994)"] 2 a : to come in or between by way of hindrance or modification [ to stop a fight] b : to become a party to a legal proceeding begun by others in order to protect an alleged interest in the subject matter of the proceeding [the Commissioner of Internal Revenue was granted leave to "P. A. Freund"] compare implead, interplead, join in·ter·ve·nor [-vē-nər, -nȯr] n ...
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