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lien

lien [Anglo-French, bond, obligation, literally, tie, band, from Old French, from Latin ligamen, from ligare to bind] : a charge or encumbrance upon property for the satisfaction of a debt or other duty that is created by agreement of the parties or esp. by operation of law ;specif : a security interest created esp. by a mortgage assessment lien : a lien that is on property benefiting from an improvement made by a municipality and that secures payment of the taxes assessed to pay for the improvement attachment lien : a lien acquired on property by a creditor upon levy of an attachment car·ri·er's lien : a lien against freight conferring on the carrier the right to retain the property until the amount due is paid charging lien : a lien attaching to a judgment or recovery awarded to a plaintiff and securing payment of the plaintiff's attorney's fees and expenses called also special lien choate lien : a lien that requires no further action to be made enforceable and th...


Reparation

Reparation, is taken to mean the making of amends by an offender to his victim, or to victims of crime generally, and may take the form of compensation, the performance of some service or the return of stolen property (restitution), these being types of reparation which might be described as practical or material. The term can also be used to describe more intangible outcomes, as where an offender makes an apology to a victim and provides some reassurance that the offence will not be repeated, thus repairing the psychological harm suffered by the victim as a result of the crime, State of Gujarat v. Hon'ble High Court of Gujarat, (1998) 7 SCC 392.Mean 'Payment for an injury or damage; redress for a wrong done, several states have adopted the Uniform Crime Victims Reparation Act, certain federal statutes also provide for reparation for violation of the Act; especially persons suffering losses because of violations of the Commodity Futures Trading Act may seek reparation under the Act aga...


Import

Import, in relation to any technology, means the bringing into India of, such technology from a place outside India. [Research and Development Cess Act, 1986, s. 2 (d)]Means bringing into any place within the territories to which this Act extends from a place outside those territories. [Insecticides Act, 1968 (46 of 1968), s. 3 (d)]Means bringing into India. [Aircraft Act, 1934 (22 of 1934), s. 2 (3)]Means to bring into India from a place outside India by land, sea or air. [Explosives Act, 1884 (4 of 1884), s. 4 (f)]With its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, means bringing into India from a place outside India. [Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), s. 2 (23)]Means bringing into India from out of India, Gramophone Company of India Ltd. v. Birendra Bahadur Pandey, AIR 1984 SC 667: (1984) 2 SCR 664: (1984) 2 SCC 534. (Copyright Act, 1957, ss. 51, 53)In a sense, import may be said to be complete for certain purposes say, sales tax purposes on their clearance after assessment of du...


Certification trade mark

Certification trade mark, Means a mark capable of distinguishing the goods or services in connection with which it is used in the course of trade which are certified by the proprietor of the mark in respect of origin, material, mode of manufacture of goods or performance of services, quality, accuracy or other characteristics from goods or services not so certified and registrable as such under Chapter IX in respect of those goods or services in the name, as proprietor of the certification trademark, of that person. [Trade Marks Act, 1999 (47 of 1999), s. 2(1)(e)]...


Contract for work or service contract for sale of goods

Contract for work or service contract for sale of goods, the primary difference between a 'contract for work or service' and a 'contract for sale of goods' is that in the former there is in the person performing work or rendering service no property in the thing produced as a whole notwithstanding that a part or even the whole of the materials used by him may have been his property. In the case of a contract for sale, the thing produced as a whole has individual existence as the sole property of the party who produced it, at some time before delivery, and the property therein passes only under the contract relating thereto in goods used in the performance of the contract is not sufficient: to constitute a sale there must be an agreement express or implied relating to the sale of goods and completion of the agreement by passing of title in the very goods contracted to be sold. C.S.T. v. Purshottam Premji, (1970) 2 SCC 287 (290)...


Utility

Utility, means any person or entity engaged in the generation, transmission, sale, distribution or supply, as the case maybe, of energy. [Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 (14 of 1998), s. 2 (l)]Means the electric lines or electrical plant, and includes all lands, buildings, works and materials attached thereto belonging to any person acting as a generating company or licensee under the provisions of this Act. [Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), s. 2(75)]Means equipment or material used in providing such a service or commodity, Ware v. Public Serv. Co., 412 A. 2d 84 (1980).Means the electric lines or electrical plant, and includes all lands, buildings words and materials attached thereto belonging to any person acting as a generating company or license under the provisions of the Act, Electricity Act, 2003, s. 2(75); A.P. Gas Power Corporation Ltd. v. A.P. Electricity Regulatory Commission, AIR 2006 AP 13....


Giving notice in writing

Giving notice in writing, Chapter XVII of the Act, containing ss. 138 to 142, was inserted in the Act as per Banking Public Financial Institution and Negotiable Instruments Laws (Amendment) Act, 1968. When the legislature contemplated that notice in writing should be given to the drawer of the cheque, the legislature must be presumed to have been aware of the modern devices and equipment already in vogue and also in store for future. If the Court were to interpret the words 'giving notice in writing' in the s. as restricted to the customary mode of sending notice through postal service or even by personal delivery, the interpretative process would fail to cope up with the change of time. If the notice envisaged in clause (b) of the proviso to s. 138 was transmitted by Fax it would be compliance with the legal requirement, SIL Import v. Exim Aides Silk Exporters, (1991) 4 SCC 567: AIR 1999 SC 1609 (1612, 1613). [Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881, s. 138, proviso (b)]Giving Notice in writi...


certification mark

certification mark Any word, name, symbol, device, or any combination, used, or intended to be used, in commerce by someone other than its owner, to certify regional or other origin, material, mode of manufacture, quality, accuracy, or other characteristics of such person's goods or services, or that the work or labor on the goods or services was performed by members of a union or other organization. Source: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ...


value-added tax

value-added tax : a tax levied at each addition of value in the processing of a raw material, the performance of a service, or the production and distribution of a commodity with each payer except the consumer reimbursed from payment at the next stage called also VAT ...


jury rigged

Rigged for temporary service done or made using whatever materials are available makeshift as the survivors used jury rigged fishing gear See Jury a...



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