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benchmark

Any permanent mark to which other levels may be referred

wanton

or willful misconduct] see also reckless NOTE: Wantonreckless, and willful are often used to refer to an aggravated level of negligence that borders on intent and that is often ground for an award of punitive damages. wan·ton·ly

vertical restraint

vertical restraint : a restraint of trade involving parties (as manufacturers and wholesalers) at different levels of a market structure

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vertical privity

to run with the land] 2 : privity between parties (as a manufacturer and retailer) who occupy adjoining levels in a system of product distribution

vertical price-fixing

vertical price-fixing : an illegal arrangement in which parties at different levels of a system of production and distribution act to fix the market price of goods ;esp : resale

vertical agreement

vertical agreement : an agreement among economic competitors on different levels of production or distribution that affects competition compare horizontal agreement NOTE: Unlike horizontal agreements, vertical agreements are not

unified credit

of years. The unified credit is phased out once the amount of taxable gifts rises above a certain level.

strict scrutiny

strict scrutiny : the highest level of judicial scrutiny that is applied esp. to a law that allegedly violates equal protection in order to

standard of proof

standard of proof :the level of certainty and the degree of evidence necessary to establish proof in a criminal or civil proceeding [the

pyramid

profits) in speculative pyramiding 2 : to increase the impact of (as a tax assessed at the production level) on the ultimate consumer by treating as a cost subject to markup adj : of, relating to, or

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