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Salary or wages

Salary or wages, means all remuneration (other than remuneration in respect of over-time work) capable of being expressed in terms of money, which would, if the terms of employment, express or implied, were fulfilled, be payable to an employee in respect of his employment or of work done in such employment and includes dearness allowance (that is to say, all cash payments, by whatever name called, paid to an employee on account of a rise in the cost of living), but does not include--(i) any other allowance which the employee is for the time being entitled to;(ii) the value of any house accommodation or of supply of light, water, medical attendance or other amenity or of any service or of any concessional supply of foodgrains or other articles.(iii) any travelling concession;(iv) any bonus (including incentive, production and attendance bonus);(v) any contribution paid or payable by the employer to any pension fund or provident fund or for the benefit of the employee under any law for t...


Railway

Railway. A road owned by a private person or public company on which carriages run over iron rails; if the road is a public highway, that part of it on which the rails are laid is called a tramway. Every railway in this country (except a few private railways running through land owned by the owner of the railway) is constructed and managed (1) under a local and personal Act of Parliament; and (2) under the Companies Clauses, Lands Clauses, and Railways Clauses Consolidation Acts; and (3) under the general Acts relating to railways. The (English) Railway Act, 1921, provides for the reorganization of almost all the railways in England.Railway Companies as Carriers, The powers of railway companies as carriers are given by the 86th section of the Railways Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, and controlled by the (English) Railway and Canal Traffic Acts of 1854, 1873, and 1888. The (English) Act of 1845, s. 86, enacts that:-It shall be lawful for the company [authorized (see s. 3) by the speci...


Purchase price

Purchase price, means the amount of valuable consideration paid or payable by a person for any purchase made including any sum charged for anything done by the seller in respect of the goods at the time of or before delivery thereof, other than the cost of insurance for transit or of installation, when such cost is separately charged. [The Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act, 2002, s. 2(20)]Means the amount of valuable consideration paid or payable by a person for any purchase made including the amount of duties levied or leviable under the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 (5 of 1986) or the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962) and any sum charged for anything done by the seller in respect of the goods at the time of or before delivery thereof, other than the cost of insurance for transit or of installation, when such cost is separately charged and includes--(a) in relation to:(i) the transfer, otherwise than in pursuance of a contract, of property in any goods,(ii) the supply of goods by any uni...


Loan societies

Loan societies, institutions established by the purpose of advancing money on loan to the industrial classes, and receiving back payment for the same by instalments, with interest. They are exempt from the provisions of the Money Lenders Act, 1900.By the (English) Loan Societies Act, 1840 (3 & 4 Vict. c. 110 (continued by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 19, and made perpetual by 26 & 27 Vict. c. 56), forms of proceeding of a similar nature to those prescribed in the Acts regulating savings banks and friendly societies are requisite to enable loan societies to avail themselves of this Act, and see 51 & 52 Vict. c. 41, and 59 & 60 Vict. c.25, s. 2, as to certification of Rules by the Registrar of Friendly Societies.These societies are entitled to issue debentures for money deposited with them (otherwise than by way of gift), and these as well as all other notes and instruments given in pursuance of the Act are exempted from stamp duty. They are also placed on the same footing with savings banks, in the...


Improvement of land

Improvement of land. The (English) Improvement of Land Acts, 1864 and 1899 (27 & 28 Vict. c. 114, and 62 & 63 Vict. c. 46), enumerate a number of 'im-provements' such as the following: (1) Drainage; (2) Irrigation and Warping; (3) Embanking from the sea, etc.; (4) Inclosing, and redivision of fields; (5) Reclamation; (6) Making roads, tramways, railways, and canals; (7) Clearing; (8) Erection and improvement of cottage and farm buildings; (9) Planting for shelter; (10) Construction of mills, etc.; (11) Construction of landing-places; and allowed tenants for life to charge the cost of such improvements upon the fee of a settled estate with the sanction of the In closure Commissioners, after notice to persons in remainder, and certain specifications and surveys;-the sanction of the Commissioners to be given 'if they found (s. 25) that the improvements would effect a permanent increase of the yearly vale of the lands proposed to be improved.' The Acts have been amended by the (English) Ag...


Bishop

Bishop [fr. 'plokopoV, Gk. Biscop, Sax.], an overseer or superintendent. The chief of the clergy in his diocese or jurisdiction in England, Wales, or Ireland, and the archbishop's suffragan or assistant. A bishop is elected by the king's cong' d' 'lire, or license to elect the person named by the king, accompanied, by virtue of 25 Hen. 8, c. 20, by a letter-missive, addressed to the dean and chapter; and if they fail to make election in twelve days, the king, by letters-patent, may nominate whom he pleases. A bishop is said to be installed, and there are four things necessary to his complete title: (1) election, which resembles the presentation of a clerk to an ecclesiastical benefice; (2) confirmation, which cannot be opposed on doctrinal grounds: see Reg. v. Archbishop of Canterbury, 1902 KB 503, under title CONFIRMATION OF BISHOPS; (3) consecration, similar to institution; (4) installation, answering to induction. The bishop are the lords spiritual in Parliament: see HOUSE OF LORDS....


Sale of Goods Act, 1893

Sale of Goods Act, 1893 (English) (56 & 57 Vict. c. 71), codifying the law of the sale of goods, in the same fashion as the law of bills of exchange, promissory notes, and cheques was codified (see CODE) by the Bills of Exchange Act, 1882, and the law of partnership by the (English) Partnership Act, 1890.The parts of the Act are:-I. Formation of the Contact, in which it is provided, amongst other things, that an infant or person by mental incapacity or drunkenness incompetentto contract must pay a reasonable price for 'necessaries' sold and delivered to him; that (re-enacting a part of the Statute of Frauds) a contract for the sale of goods of the value of 10l. or more is not enforceable unless the buyer accept and receive part, or give something in earnest to bind the contract, or 'unless some note or memorandum in writing of the contract be made and signed by the party to be charged or his agent in that behalf'; that a contract for the sale of specific goods which have perished witho...


Kist

Kist, stated payment, instalment of rent, Indian....


Line

Line, succession of relations (see INHERITANCE); boundary; the twelfth part of an inch.The word 'line' in the expression 'telegraph line' connotes the existence of a defined channel of communication which has got a physical existence, Senior Electric Inspector v. Laxminarayan Chopra, AIR 1962 SC 159 (161): (1962) 3 SCR 146.Means any wire, cable, tube, pipe, insulator, conductor or other similar thing (including its casing or coating) which is designed or adapted for use in carrying electricity and includes any line which surrounds or supports, or is surrounded or supported by or is installed in close proximity to, or is supported, carried or suspended in association with, any such line. [Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), s. 2(40)]...


Mauzadar

Mauzadar, a Mauzadar is a public servant whose primary duty is to collect land revenue and other Government dues with the collection of which he is entrusted. He is responsible for the collection of poll-tax, house-tax, tauzibahir revenue, grazing fees and forest dues. He undertakes to pay into the treasury the full amount of all instalments of land revenue and local rates included in the Jamabandi and of house-tax, poll-tax and grazing fees within one month of the date on which they fall due for payment. In regard to land revenue, his duties are confined to collection and he is not concerned with its assessment, the settlement of land and the checking of maps or assessment papers, State of Assam v. Kanak Chandra Dutta, AIR 1967 SC 884 (885). [Constitution of India, Art. 311]...



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