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Special Indian law

Special Indian law, the term 'special Indian law' means a special Indian Law enacted by the Indian legislature and not a law enacted by the British Parliament specially for India, Bank of India v. Vijay Transport, AIR 1988 SC 151 (154): (1988) Supp SCC 47: (1988) 1 SCR 961. [Bombay Companies Accosia-tion and Transfer of Undertaking Act, (5 of 1970), s. 3]...


Indian law

Indian law, 'Indian law' shall mean any Act, Ordin-ance, Regulation, rule (order, bye-law or other instrument) which before the commencement of the Constitution had the force of law in any Province of India or part thereof, or thereafter, has the force of law in any Part A State or Part C State or part thereof, but does not include any Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom or any Order in Council, rule or other instrument made under such Act. [General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), s. 3(29)]...


Company

Company [fr. compagnia, Ital., which word is still printed on Bank of England notes as 'compa'], a body of persons associated for purposes of busi-ness, sometimes, but not now so frequently as some years ago, styled a Joint Stock Company.A company has its origin either (1) in a charter, as the Bank of England and many insurance companies; or (2) in a special Act of Parliament, with which, as authorizing an undertaking of a public nature such as a railway, the Companies Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 16), is necessarily incorporated; or (3) in registration under the Companies Acts, 1862 and subsequent Acts, now consolidated into the (English) Companies Act, 1925 (19 & 20 Geo. 5, c. 23).By s. 13 of the Act of 1925 (1) on the registration of the memorandum of a company the registrar shall certify under his hand that the company is incorporated and, in the case of a limited company, that the company is limited. (2) From the date of incorporation mentioned in the certificat...


Existing law and law in force

Existing law and law in force, there is material difference between 'an existing law' and a 'law in force'. Apart from Article 366(10) of the Constitution, the expression 'Indian law' has itself been defined in s. 3(29) of the General Clauses Act, as meaning any Act, ordinance, regulation, rule, order, or bye-law which before the commencement of the Constitution had the force of law in any province of India or part thereof. The words 'law in force' as used in Article 372 are wide enough to include not merely a legislative enactment but also any regulation or order which has the force of law, Edward Mills Co. Ltd. v. State of Ajmer, AIR 1955 SC 25: (1955) 1 SCR 735. [Constitution of India, Arts. 366(10) and 372]...


Law in force and existing law

Law in force and existing law, there is hardly any material difference between 'an existing law' and 'a law in force'. Quite apart from Article 366(10) of the Constitution, the expression 'Indian law' has itself been defined in s. 3(29) of the General Clauses Act as meaning any Act, Ordinance, regulation, rule, order, or bye-law which before the commencement of the Constitution had the force of law in any province of India or part thereof. The words 'law in force' as used in Article 372 are wide enough to include not merely a legislative enactment but also any regulation or order which has the force of law, Edward Mills v. State of Ajmer, AIR 1955 SC 25 (31): (1955) 1 SCR 735. [Constitution of India, Articles 372 & 366(10)]...


Goods

Goods, Computer programs are the product of an intellectual process, but once implanted in a medium they are widely distributed to computer owners. An analogy can be drawn to a compact-disc recording of an orchestral rendition. The music is produced by the artistry of musicians and in itself is not a 'good', but when transferred to a laser-readable disc it becomes a readily merchant-able commodity. Similarly, when a professor deliv-ers a lecture, it is not a good, but, when transcribed as a book, it becomes a good. That a computer program may be copyrightable as intellectual property does not alter the fact that once in the form of a floppy disc or other medium, the program is tangible, moveable and available in the marketplace. The fact that some programs may be tailored for specific purposes need not alter their status as 'goods' because the Code definition includes 'specially manufactured goods', Advent Systems Ltd. v. Unisys Corpn., 925 F. 2d 670 3dCir 1991. Associated Cement Compa...


Lawful guardian

Lawful guardian, the words 'lawful guardian' in section 361 of the Penal Code are wider than the expression 'legal guardian'. That word would mean that wherever the relationship of a guardian and a ward is established by means which are lawful and legitimate that relationship is intended to be included, State v. Ramji Vithal Chaudhari, AIR 1958 Bom 381 (384).The words 'lawful guardian' in this section include any person lawfully entrusted with the care or custody of such minor or other person, Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 361 Expl.Lawful increase means an increase in rent permitted under the provisions of this Act. [Delhi Rent Act, 1995 (33 of 1995), s. 2(f)]...


Special law

Special law, a 'special law' is a law applicable to a particular subject. [Indian Penal Code, s. 41]--the expression special law means a provision of law, which is not applicable generally but which applies to a particular or specified subject or class of subjects, AIR 1961 Bom 154(155). [Limitation Act, 1908, s. 29(2)]...


Foreign award

Foreign award, an award in pursuance of an arbitration agreement governed by India Law, if the conditions under s. 44 are satisfied, will not cease to be a foreign award, merely because the arbitration agreement is governed by the law of India, Centrotrade Minerals & Metal Inc. v. Hindustan Copper Ltd., 2006 (2) R.A.J. 531: 2006 (5) JT 507: 2006 (5) SCALE 535: 2006 (6) Supreme 519: 2006 (4) SCJ 217: 2006 (7) SCJD 112: 2006 (20 Arb LR 547. [Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, s. 44 & 2(e)]An award made outside India, even if governed by Indian Law, may be a foreign award but it must satisfy two conditions, viz., that it is made (i) in pursuance of an agreement in writing for arbitration to which the New York Convention applies, and (ii) in one of such territories which the Central Government has notified in the Official Gazette to be a territory to which the New York Convention applies, Centrotrade Minerals & Metal Inc. v. Hindustan Copper Ltd., 2006 (2) R.A.J. 531: 2006 (5) JT 507:...


Holder in due course

Holder in due course is 'a holder who has taken a bill of exchange [cheque or note], complete and regular on the face of it,' under the following conditions, namely:-(a) That he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and without notice that it had been previously dishonoured, if such was the fact.(b) That he took the bill [cheque or note] in good faith and for value, and that at the time it was negotiated to him he had no notice of any defect in the title of the person who negotiated it, Bills of Exchange Act, 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 61), s. 29.A person who in good faith has given value for a negotiable instrument that is complete and regular on its face, is not overdue, and, to the possessor's knowledge has not been dishonoured, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.In R. E. Jones Ltd. v. Warning and Gillow Ltd., 1926 AC 670, it was held that the original payee of a cheque is not a holder in due course within the meaning of the Bill of Exchange Act, 1882.Means any person who for cons...


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