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Appropriate government
Appropriate government, means in relation to public authority which is established, constituted, owned, controlled or substantially financed by funds provided directly or indirectly--(i) by the Central Government or the Union Territory administration, the Central Government, (ii) by the State Government, the State Government [Right to Information Act, 2005 (22 of 2005), s. 2(a)]The Appropriate Government means, in relation to fees or stamp relating to documents presented or to be presented before any officer serving under the Central Government, that Government, and in relation to any other fees or stamps, the State Government. [Court-Fees Act, 1870 (7 of 1870), s. 1A]Means as respects any matter--(i) enumerated in List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. (ii) relating to any State law enacted under List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. [Information Technology Act, 2000 (21 of 2000), s. 2 (1) (e)]Means in relation to any major port the Central Government, an...
Employer
Employer, means (i) a company; (ii) a firm; (iii) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, but excluding any fund or trust or institution eligible for exemption under clause (23C) of section 10 or registered under section 12AA; (iv) a local authority; and (v) every artificial judicial person, not falling within any of the preceding sub-clauses. [Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), s. 115W(a)]Employer, means:A person who controls and direct a worker under an express or implied contract of hire and who pays the workers salary or wages, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.(a) in relation to contract labour, the principal employer, and(b) in relation to other labour, the person who has the ultimate control over the affairs of any establishment or who has, by reason of his advancing money, supplying goods or otherwise, a substantial interest in the control of the affairs of any establishment, and includes any other person to whom the affairs of the establi...
Family
Family, in relation to a person, includes the ascend-ant and descendant of such person. [Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 (19 of 1976), s. 2(h)]. A group consisting of parents and their children; a group of person connected by blood by affinity, or by law, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 620.In relation to an occupier, means the individual, the wife or husband, as the case may be, of such individual, and their children, brother or sister of such individual. [Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (61 of 1986), s. 2 (v)]In relation to an operator, means his wife and dependant children and includes his dependent parents. [Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983 (35 of 1983), s. 3 (g)]Means:(i) In the case of a male-subscriber the wife or wives, parents, children, minor brothers, unmarried sisters, deceased son's widow and children and where no parent of the subscriber is alive, a paternal grandparent: Provided that if a subscriber proves that his wife has be...
Magna Carta
Magna Carta, [Latin 'great charter'] The English charter that King John granted to the barons in 1215 and Henry III and Edward I later confirmed. It is generally regarded as one of the great common-law documents and as the foundation of constitution liberties. The other three great charters of English Liberty are the Petition of Right (3 Car. (1628)), the Habeas Corpus Act (31 Car. 2 (1679)), and the Bill of Rights (1 Will. SM. (1689)). Also spelled Magna charta, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 963.This Great Charter is based substantially upon the Saxon Common Law, which flourished in this kingdom until the Normaninvasion consolidated the system of feudality, still the great characteristic of the principles of real property. The barons assembled at St.Edmund's Bury, in Suffolk, in the later part of the year 1214, and there solemnly swore upon the high alter to withdraw their allegiance from the Crown, and openly rebel, unless King John confirmed by a formal charter the ancient li...
Affinity
Affinity, relationship by marriage between the husband and the blood relations of the wife, and between the wife and the blood relations of the husband, 1 Bl. Com. 434.Affinity is distinguished into three kinds, (1) Direct, or that subsisting between the husband and his wife's relations by blood, or between the wife and the husband's relations by blood. (2) Secondary, or that which subsists between the husband's and his wife's relations by marriage. (3) Collateral, or that which subsists between the husband and the relations of his wife's relations.Marriage within the prohibited degrees of affinity as well as of consanguinity as printed in the (English) Prayer Book Table is void by s. 2 of the (English) Marriage Act, 1835 (5 & 6 Wm. 4, c. 54), as varied by the (English) Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship Act, 1907 to 1931. See CONSANGUINITY; MARRIAGE....
Occupier
Occupier, includes, --(i) any person who for the time being is paying or is liable to pay to the owner the rent or any portion of the rent of the land or building in respect of which such rent is paid or is payable.(ii) an owner in occupation of or otherwise using his land or building.(iii) a rent-free tenant of any land or building, and(iv) any person who is liable to pay to the owner damages for the use and occupation of any land or building. [The Maharashtra Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2006, s. 2(i)]Means a person who occupies a site or building within a zone and including his successors and assignees. [The Rajasthan Special Economic Zones Development Act, 2003, s. 2(h)]Occupier, of a jute-mill means the person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the jute-mill. [The West Bengal Value Added Tax Act, 2003, s. 2(25)]The person residing in or upon or having a right to reside in or upon any house, land, or place; formerly rateable to the poor rate under the Poor Rel...
Trade marks
Trade marks. by the Trade Marks Act, 1905 (English) (5 Edw. 7, c. 15), s. 3:-A 'mark' shall include a device, brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral or any combination thereof.A 'trade mark' shall mean a mark used or proposed to be used upon or in connexion with goods for the purpose of indicating that they are the goods of the proprietor of such trademark by virtue of manufacture, selection, certification, dealing with, or offering for sale.A 'registrable trademark' shall mean a trade mark which is capable of registration under the pro-visions of this Act.Subject to the Trade Mark Acts, the owner of a trademark has a right to its use in connection with the goods associated with it, whether or not it is registered or registrable by him, and if that right is infringed by a sale of other goods under his mark, or a colourable imitation or otherwise so as to be calculated to deceive a purchaser that those goods are goods of his manufacture, sale or mark, the ...
Author
Author. This word has not been defined by statute, though the Copyright Act, 1911, says [s. 24 (2)], that for the purposes of that section the word shall include the personal representatives of a deceased author. A translator of a literary work is the 'author' of his translation, Byrne v. Statist Co., (1914) 1 KB 622. As to who is the 'author' of the report of a speech, see Walter v. Lane, 1900 AC 539. The agreement between an author and his publisher is a personal one and is not assignable, Griffith v. Tower Publishing Co., (1897) 1 Ch 21. See Nisbet & Co. v. Golf Agency, (1907) 23 TLR 370, and Evans v. Hulton & Co., (1924) 121 LT 534.Means-(i) in relation to a literary or dramatic work, the author of the work; (ii) in relation to a musical work, the composer; (iii) in relation to an artistic work other than a photograph, the artist; (iv) in relation to a photograph, the person taking the photograph; (v) in relation to a cinematograph film or sound recording, the producer; and (vi) in...
Public order
Public order, expression 'public order' has a distinct corrodation. Investigation into the offence under the Essential Commodities Act, may not be equated with the maintenance of public order as is commonly understood, Romesh Lal Jain v. Naginder Singh Rana, (2006) 1 SCC 294.Public order, has a comprehensive meaning so as to include public safety in its relation to the maintenance of public order and maintenance of public order involves consideration of public safety. They are closely allied concepts, Revana Siddaiah v. State of Mysore, AIR 1952 Mys 85: (1951) ILR Mys 455: (1952) Cr LJ 1526.Public order, has a very wide connotation public order is the basic need in any organized society. It implies the orderly State of Society and Community in which citizens can peacefully pursue their normal activities of life, Kamlakar Shankar Patil v. B. Akashi, (1994) Cr LJ 1870.Public order, has in several decisions, been equated with public safety and tranquility. Each and every breach of tranqui...
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