Defence - Law Dictionary Search Results
Home Dictionary Name: defence Page: 4Material facts
Material facts, are concerned, this court has held that they should be fully set out in the election petition and if any fact is not set out, the petitioner cannot be permitted to adduce the evidence relating thereto later; nor will be permitted to amend the petition after expiry of the period of limitation prescribed for an election petition, H.D. Revanna v. G. Puttaswamy Gawda, (1999) 2 SCC 217.Material facts, are facts upon which the plaintiff's cause of action or defendant's defence depends and which must be proved in order to establish the plaintiff's right to relief claimed in plaint or defendant's defence in written statement, Mayar (H.K.) Ltd. v. Owner & Parties Vessel M.V. Forture Express, 2006 AIR (SC) 1828: (2006) 3 SCC 100: (2006) 2 JT 48: (2006) 2 SCALE 30: (2006) 1 Supreme 677: (2006) 2 SLT 612: (2006) 3 SCJD 291: (2006) 3 SRJ 229, Civil Procedure Code, 1908, O. 6, R. 2 & O. 7, R. 11(9).The expression 'material facts' used in clause (a) of s. 147 Income Tax Act, 1961 refe...
Justification
Justification, a maintaining or showing a sufficient reason in court why the defendant did what he is called upon to answer, particularly in an action of libel; a defence of justification is a defence showing the libel to be true, or in an action of assault showing the violence to have been necessary.If in a libel action a defendant pleads justification he must give particulars of the matters upon which he intends to rely in support of his plea (see (English) R.S.C., Order XXXVI., r. 37); but it is otherwise if the plea is only one of fair comment, Digby v. Financial News, Ltd., (1907) 1 KB 502. Consult Odgers on Libel.Means (1) A lawful or sufficient reason for one's acts or omissions (2) A showing, in court, of a sufficient reason why a defendant did what the plaintiff or prosecution charges the defendant to answer for. Also termed justification defense; necessity defense (3) A surety's proof of having enough money or credit to provide security for the party for whom it is required. ...
Leave to defend
Leave to defend. The repealed (English) Bills of Exchange Act, 1855 (18 & 19 Vict.c.67), commonly called 'Keating's Act,' allowed actions on bills or notes commenced within six months after being due, to be by writ of summons in a form provided by the Act, and, unless the defendant should within twelve days obtain leave to appear and defend the action, allowed the plaintiff to sign judgment on proof of service. This procedure was retained by the (English) Judicature Act, 1875, Ord. II., r. 6, but abolished in 1880 by Ord. II., r. 6 (annulled 1917).By (English) R.S.C. 1883, Ord. III., r. 6, as amended by (English) R.S.C. 1933, in respect of forfeiture for non-payment of rent, it is provided that in all actions where the plaintiff seeks merely to recover a debt or liquidated demand (see QUANTUM MERUIT) in money, or possession where a tenancy has expired or been determined by notice to quit, or has become liable to forfeiture for non-payment of rent, the writ of summons may, at the option...
Malice
Malice [fr. malitia, Lat.], a formed design of doing mischief to another, technically called malitia pr'cogitata, or malice prepense or aforethought. It is either express, as when one with a sedate and deliberate mind and formed design kills another, which formed design is evidenced by certain circumstances discovering such intentions, as lying in wait, antecedent menaces, former grudges, and concerted schemes to do him some bodily harm; or implied, as where one wilfully poisons another; in such a deliberate act the law presumes malice, though no particular enmity can be proved. The nature of implied malice is also illustrated by the maxim, 'Culpa lata dolo 'quiparatur'-when negligence reaches a certain point it is the same as intentional wrong-'Every one must be taken to intend that which his the natural consequence of his actions'-if any one acts in exactly the same way as he would do it he bore express malice to another, he cannot be allowed to say he does not, 4 Steph. Com.'Malice ...
Son assault demesne
Son assault demesne, a justification in an action of assault and battery, on the ground that the plaintiff made the first assault, and what the defendant did was in his own defence. it was a plea by confession and avoidance, 1 Selw. N.P., 13th Edn. 2. See now PLEADING; STATEMENT OF DEFENCE....
Particulars
Particulars. The courts have a general jurisdiction, independently of statute, to order a detailed statement of the demand in any litigation, or of any defence, to be given that surprise may be avoided, and substantial justice promoted, 2 Chit. Arch. Prac. The necessity for application for particulars has become less frequent since the Judicature Acts, as the Rules of Court under those Acts have substituted a statement of claim containing the material facts on which the plaintiff relied for the declaration under the old practice, which only contained a legal statement of the plaintiff's cause of action.It is provided, however by (English) R.S.C., Ord. XIX, R. 7, that:-A further and better statement of the nature of the claim or defence, or further and better particulars of any matter stated in any pleading, notice, or written proceeding requiring particulars, may in all cases be ordered, upon such terms, as to costs and otherwise, as may be just;and see the Index to the Annual Practice...
Plea
Plea [fr. plee, Fr.]. this was the name of a defendant's answer of fact to a plaintiff's declaration; anciently a suit or action.Pleas were divided into common pleas, relating to civil causes, and pleas of the Crown, relating to criminal prosecutions.At Common Law pleas were divided into:(1) Dilatory; which were subdivided into:(a) To the jurisdiction of the Court.(b) In suspension of the action,(c) In abatement of the writ or declaration, and:(2) Peremptory, i.e., in bar of the action.The distinction between these two classes of pleas was that the dilatory showed some ground for quashing the declaration, the peremptory for defeating the action. Consult Bullen and Leake, or Odgers on Pleading, and Ch. Arch. Practice.In equity, a plea was resorted to by a defendant when an objection was not apparent on the bill itself, or, as the technical phrase was, where it arose from matter dehors the bill, other matter being dealt with by 'Answer' (see that title).A defendant now raises his defence...
Plene administravit pr'ter
Plene administravit pr'ter (he has fully adminis-tered, except). A defence by an executor or admin-istrator that he has fully administered the assets that have come to his hands, except, etc. The plaintiff may go to trial upon this defence, or may apply under Ord. XXXII, Rule 6, for leave to sign judgment to the extent of the assets admitted and of future assets quando acciderint for the residue of his debt and costs. Bullen and Leake, Pr. Pl....
Reply
Reply, the response of the opening counsel on a trial, which is only allowed when evidence has been given in answer to the case first stated, except in the case of the Crown, which is always entitled to reply. See Criminal Procedure Act, 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. 18), which applies to civil as well as criminal cases.Also the pleading of the plaintiff which follows the defendant's statement of his defence or counter-claim (see R.S.C. 1883, Ord. XXIII.), by which (r. 1), where plaintiff desires to deliver a reply, he shall deliver it within seven days from the delivery of the defence; (r. 2), when a counterclaim is pleaded, a reply thereto shall be subject to the rules applicable to defences. See ISSUE and PLEADING.In federal practice, the plaintiff's response to the defendant's counterclaim (or, by court order, to the defendant's or a third party answer), Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 1302....
Hire
Hire [locatio, conductio, Lat.], a bailment for a reward or compensation. It is divisible into four sorts:-(1) The hiring of a thing for use (locatio rei). (2) The hiring of work and labour (locatio operis faciendi). (3) The hiring of care and services to be performed or bestowed on the thing delivered (locatio custodi'). (4) The hiring of the carriage of goods (locatio operis mercium vehendarum) from one place to another. The three last are but sub-divisions of the general head of hire of labour and services.The rights, duties, and obligations of the parties resulting from the contract of bailment for hire may be thus stated:-(I.) Hire of things. The letting to hire implies an obligation to deliver the thing to the hirer; to refrain from every obstruction to the use of it by the hirer during the period of the bailment; to do no act that shall deprive the hirer of the thing; to warrant the title and right of possession to the hirer, in order to enable him to use the thing, or to perfor...
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