Constructive Fraud - Law Dictionary Search Results
Home Dictionary Name: constructive fraud Page: 2Deed
Deed [fr. d'd, Sax.; ded gaded, Goth.;daed, Dut.], a formal document on paper or parchment duly signed, sealed, and delivered. It is either an indenture (factum inter partes) needing an actual indentation [(English) Real Property Act, 1845 (8 & 9 Vict. c. 106), s. 5], reproduced by the Law of Property Act, 1925, s. 56 (2), made between two or more persons in different interests, or a deed-poll (charta de una parte) made by a single person or by two or more persons having similar interests. By the (English) Law of Property Act, 1925, s. 57, a deed may be described according to the nature of the transaction, e.g., 'this lease,' 'this mortgage,' etc., or as a 'deed' and not habitually by the word 'indenture.'The requisites of a deed are these:-(1) Sufficient parties and a proper subject of assurance.(2) It must be written, engrossed, printed, or lithographed, or partly written or engrossed, and partly printed or lithographed in any character or in any language, on paper, vellum, or parchm...
Trust
Trust, is a comprehensive expression, as covering not only the relationship of trustee and beneficiary but also that a bailor and bailee master and servant pledger and pledgee, guardian and ward and all other relations which postulate the existence of fiduciary relationship between the complainant and the accused, State v. K.P. Jain, (1983) 2 Crimes 947 (All).Trust, is a trust for public purposes, the substances and primary intention of the creator must be seen, Shabbir Husain v. Ashiq Husain, AIR 1929 Oudh 225.Trust, is an obligation annexed to ownership. A trustee holds property 'subject' to an obligation, which the testator has imposed upon him, Mahadeo Ramchandra v. Damodar Vishwanath, AIR 1957 Bom 218: (1957) 59 Bom LR 478.Means any arrangement whereby property is transferred with intention that it be administered for another's benefit is a trust. It casts an obligation on the trustee to use the property for achieving the purpose for which the trust is created, Baba Jamuna Das Mah...
Notice
Notice, the making something known to a person of which he was or might be ignorant. Notice is either (1) statutory; (2) actual, which brings the knowledge of a fact directly home to the party; or (3) constructive or implied, which is no more than evidence of facts which raise such a strong presumption of notice that equity will not allow the presumption to be rebutted. [S. 154, I.P.C. and Art. 61(2)(a) const. 56 Indian Evidence Act]Constructive notice may be subdivided into: (a) where the facts of which actual evidence is supplied give rise to a further enquiry which a man exercising ordinary caution would make equity has added constructive notice of the facts, which that inquiry would have elicited; and (b) where there has been a designed abstinence from inquiry for the very purpose of avoiding notice. See CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE.A purchaser with notice may protect himself by purchasing the title of another bona fide purchaser for a valuable consideration without notice; for, otherwise, ...
Equitable estates and interests
Equitable estates and interests, Rights relating to property of which the legal ownership is vested in another person, or in the equitable owner himself in another capacity. The rights arise whenever a person obtains a title to have the property or an estate or interest in it vested in himself, e.g., by contract or by any conveyance or assignment which does not by law transfer or vest the legal estate or ownership in the transferee, by mortgage or charge, and whenever a trust arises, either express, constructive, implied or by operation of law. In theory the legal owner alone was entitled, both in law and equity, to the property, and he alone was responsible for the obligations and incidents attaching to the property, the beneficial owner merely having a personal right inequity to force the legal owner to carry out his obligation or trust, but the rights and obligations of beneficial ownership became recognized and affected by statute. The Statute of Uses turned the beneficial right or...
Guaranty, or Guarantee
Guaranty, or Guarantee, a promise to a person to be answerable for the payment of a debt or the performance of a duty by another, in case he should fail to perform his engagement. An offer to guarantee until it be accepted is not binding. At Common Law a guarantee need not have been in writing, but the Statute of Frauds (29 Car. 2, c. 3), s. 4, enacts that 'No action shall be brought whereby to charge the defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriages of another person, unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memoran-dum or note thereof, shall be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorized.' In case of guarantees, great inconvenience had resulted from the construction put upon the above s., viz., that the consideration for the promise of the guarantor must appear upon the written instru-ment. To remedy this, the Mercantile Law Amend-ment Act, 1856...
Signature
Signature, a sign or mark impressed upon anything; a stamp, a mark; the name of a person written by himself either in full or by initials as regards his Christian name or names, and in full as regards his surname, or by initials only [In the goods of Blewitt, (1880) 5 PD 116], or by mark only, though he can write, Baker v. Dening, (1838) 8 Ad&E 94.Signature is required to authenticate a will (see WILL), a deed after 1925 (Law of Property Act, 1925, s. 73), a guarantee and other documents mentioned in the Statute of Frauds (see FRAUDS, STATUTE OF), and a risk note within the meaning of the seventh s. of the Railway and Canal Traffic Act, 1854 (see RISK NOTE). Pleadings must be signed by counsel if settled by him, and if not, by the solicitor or the party; R.S.C. 1883, Ord. XIX., r. 4. No fee to counsel is allowed on taxation unless vouched by his signature, Ibid., Ord. LXV., r. 27, reg. 52.When signature by an agent is permissible, the writing of the name of the principal by the agent i...
Implied trusts
Implied trusts. an implied trust is one which arises from an equitable construction put upon the facts, conduct, or situation of parties.Implied trusts have been distributed into two classes: (1) those depending upon the presumed intent of the parties, as where property is delivered by one to another to be handed over to a third person, the receiver holds it upon an implied trust in favour of such third person; (2) those not depending upon such intention, but arising by operation of law, in cases of fraud, or notice of an adverse equity.A trust of this kind arises wherever the estate is converted by the trustee from one species of property into another; for if the property, in its original form, were invested with a trust, the cestui que trust's interests cannot be affected by any change of that form: and whether the conversion be in pursuance or in breach of the trustee's duty is immaterial; for an abuse of trust cannot confer any right on the party abusing it, or on those who claim i...
liability
liability pl: -ties 1 : the quality or state of being liable 2 : something for which one is liable: as a : a financial obligation : debt [tax ] [the bonds are liabilities] compare asset contingent liability : an amount that may or may not be owed depending on the outcome of a contingency (as a cosigner's default on a loan) fixed liability : a liability (as a bond or mortgage) that does not mature for at least one year from the date incurred or from a given date b : accountability and responsibility to another enforceable by civil remedies or criminal sanctions [ for injuries caused by their product] absolute liability : strict liability in this entry alternative liability : joint liability imposed on multiple tortfeasors when there are simultaneous tortious acts (as defective manufacture of parts of a wheel by different manufacturers) and uncertainty as to which act was the proximate cause of an injury compare concert of action civil liability : liability imposed under c...
Declaration of trust
Declaration of trust. To prevent the inconvenience which arose from parol declarations and secret transfers of uses, s. 53 of the (English) Law of Property Act, 1925, reproducing and amending the (English) Statute of Frauds (29 Car. 2, c. 3), ss. 7, 8 and 9, requires that a declaration of trust respecting any land or any interest therein must be manifested and proved by some writing signed by some person who is able to declare such trust, or by his will, and (1) a disposition of an equitable interest or trust, subsisting at the time of the disposition, must be in writing signed by the person disposing of the same or by his agent thereunto lawfully authorized in writing or by will; (2) this section does not affect the creation of resulting, implied or constructive trusts.It appears that this statute does not extend to the declaration or creation of trusts of mere personalty. But in practice, a parol declaration should never be relied on, for the intention to declare a trust should be ir...
Entices takes
Entices takes, the expression used in s. 361, I.P.C. is 'whoever takes or entices any minor'. The word 'takes' does not necessarily connote taking by force and it is not confined only to use of force, actual or constructive. This word merely means, 'to cause to go', 'to escort' or 'to get into possession'. No doubt it does mean physical taking, but not necessarily by use of force or fraud. The word 'entice' seems to involve the idea of inducement or allurement by giving rise to hope or desire in the other. This can take many forms, difficult to visualise and describe exhaustively; some of them may be quite subtle, depending for their success on the mental state of the person at the time when the inducement is intended to operate. This may work immediately or it may create continuous and gradual but imperceptible im-pression culminating after some time, in achieving its ultimate purpose of successful inducement, Thakorlal D. Verdgama v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1973 SC 2313 (2320); See als...
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