Citizen - Law Dictionary Search Results
Equality
Equality, Equality under art. 16 could not have a different content from equality under art. 14. Equality of opportunity for unequals can only mean aggravation of inequality. Equality of opportunity admits discrimination with reason and prohibits discrimination without reason, State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas, (1976) 2 SCC 310: AIR 1976 SC 490: (1976) 1 SCR 906.The quality or state being equal; esp. likeness in power or political status, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 597.Indian Constitution guarantees equality of opportunity to all citizens in the matter of employment or appointment to any office under the State, no citizen will be denied employment on the ground of religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth etc. However, the State can make special provision for reservation of posts for backward class citizens, Constitution of India, Art. 16(1), (2) & 4.The equality before law does not mean absolute equality of men, it only means equal subjection of all individuals to the ordin...
Citizenship
The state of being a citizen the status of a citizen...
A person of Indian origin
A person of Indian origin. It means an individual (not being a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh or Sri Lanka or Afghanistan or China or Iran or Nepal or Bhutan) who-(i) at anytime, held Indian passport; or (ii) who or either of whose father or whose grandfather was a citizen of India by virtue of the Constitution of India or the Citizenship Act, 1955. [Foreign Exchange Management (Acquisition and Transfer of Immovable Property in India) Regulations, 2000, R. 2 (c)]...
Alien
Alien [fr. alienigena, alibi natus, Lat.], a person not born within His Majesty's dominions and allegiance (q.v.). See definitions in the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Acts, 1914 and 1933, infra. At common law aliens were subject to very many disqualifications, the nature of which is shown by the (English) Act of 1844, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 66, which greatly relaxed the law in their favour. It provided, inter alia, that every person born of a British mother should be capable of holding real or personal estate; that alien friends might hold every species of personal property except chattels real; that subjects of a friendly power might hold lands, etc., for the purposes of residence or business for a term not exceeding twenty-one years; and it also provided for aliens becoming naturalized.Alien, (UK) is a person who is neither a Common-wealth citizen nor a British protected person nor a citizen of the Republic of Ireland. Aliens therefore include both persons having the nationality ...
special naturalization provisions
special naturalization provisions Provisions covering special classes of persons whom may be naturalized even though they do not meet all the general requirements for naturalization. Such special provisions allow: 1) wives or husbands of U.S. citizens to file for naturalization after three years of lawful permanent residence instead of the prescribed five years; 2) a surviving spouse of a U.S. citizen who served in the armed forces to file his or her naturalization application in any district instead of where he/she resides; and 3) children of U.S. citizen parents to be naturalized without meeting certain requirements or taking the oath, if too young to understand the meaning. Other classes of persons who may qualify for special consideration are former U.S. citizens, servicemen, seamen, and employees of organizations promoting U.S. interests abroad. Source: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services ...
Indian work
Indian work, 'Indian work' means a literary, dra-matic or musical work,--(i) the author of which is a citizen of India; or(ii) which is first published in India; or(iii) the author of which, in the case of an un-published work, is, at the time of the making of the work, a citizen of India. [Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957), s. 2(l)]...
Informer
Informer, a person who prosecutes those who break any law or penal statute; also an approver. See QUI TAM; APPROVER; COMMON INFORMER.Means (1) Informant (2) A private citizen who brings a penal action to recover a penalty. Under some statutes, a private citizen is required to sue the offence for a penalty before any criminal liability can attach, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 783....
Foreigner
Foreigner, has the same meaning as the Foreigners Act, 1946. [National Security Act, 1980 (65 of 1980)]It means a person who is not a citizen of India. [Foreigners Act, 1946 (31 of 1946), s. 2; See also National Security Act, 1980 (65 of 1980), s. 2 (c)]The word 'foreigner' according to the definition as in force in 1955 meant, a person who (i) is not natural born British subject as defined in sub-ss. (1) and (2) of s. 1 of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act, 1914, or (ii) has not been granted a certificate of naturalization as a British subject under any law, for the time being in force in India, or (iii) is not a citizen of India. The Citizenship Act, 1955 having been published in the Gazette of India on December 30, 1955, was also not in force at the time when the respondent entered India, State of U.P. v. Rahmatullah, AIR 1971 SC 1382: (1972) 2 SCC 113: (1971) Supp SCR 494.A person born at Allahabad at a time when it was within his Britannic Majesty's Dominion is a na...
Extradition
Extradition, the surrender by a foreign state of a person accused of a crime to the state where it was committed, in order that he may be tried there. It is recognized as a duty, independent of treaty, by international law, but is usually the subject of treaty terminable at one year's notice. The (English) Extradition Act, 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 52), 'as to the whole of His Majesty's dominions' provides (s. 2) that where an arrangement has been made with any foreign state with respect to the surrender to such state of any fugitive criminals, his Majesty may, by Order in Council, direct that this Act shall apply in the case of such foreign state. The Act, as amended by the (English) Extradition Acts, 1873, 1895, and 1906, provides for the arrangements and procedure regarding extradition, see R. v. Daye, (1908) 2 KB 333, and imposes various restrictions thereon, e.g., in regard to political offences. The (English) Extradition Act, 1932 (22 & 23 Geo. 5, c. 39), adds offences in connection...
Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom of speech and expression, includes freedom of propagation of idea which is ensured by freedom of circulation, Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 124: 1950 SCR 594: 1950 Cri LJ 1514. See also People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2003) 4 SCC 399.Carries with it the right to publish and circulate one's ideas, opinions and views, Sakal Papers (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1962 SC 305.Means the right to express one's opinion by words of mouth, writing, printing, picture or in any other manner. It would thus include the freedom of communication and the right to propagate or publish opinion, S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjivan Ram, (1989) 2 SCC 574. See also People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2003) 4 SCC 399.Includes right of citizens to exhibit films on Doordashan, Odyssey Communications (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Lokvidayan Sanghattana, (1988) 3 SCC 410. See also People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India, (2003) 4 SCC 399.Is a natural r...
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