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Void

Void, 'the erosion of the distinction between juris-dictional errors and non-jurisdictional errors has, correspondingly eroded the distinction between void and voidable decision. The courts have become increasingly impatient with the distinction, to the extent that (1)...

Earnest

Earnest [fr. eornest, Sax.], the sum paid by the buyer of goods in order to bind the seller to the terms of the agreement. It is enacted by the 4th s. of the Sale of Goods...

Separate estate

Separate estate. The Common Law did not allow a married woman to posses any property independently of her husband, but when property was settled to her separate use and benefit, equity treated her, in respect to...

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Religion

Religion, in a wide sense, therefore, is those fundamental principles which sustain life and without which life will not survive, Aruna Roy v. Union of India, (2002) 7 SCC 368. Religion, in Australia, the Constitution gives...

Oath

Oath [fr. ath, Sax.], an appeal to God to witness the truth of a statement. It is called a corporal oath, where a witness, when he swears, places his right hand on the Holy Evangelists. The...

Married women's property

Married women's property, At Common Law, a woman, by marrying, transferred the ownership of all her property, real and personal, present and future, to her husband absolutely, so that he might sell, pay his debts out...

Judicial power

Judicial power, 'judicial power' may be defined as the power to examine questions submitted for determination with a view to the pronouncement of an authoritative decision as to rights and liabilities of one or more parties,...

Arrangements between debtors and creditors

Arrangements between debtors and creditors. The 125th and 126th sections of the (English) Bankruptcy Act, 1869, which repealed an Act of 1861, allowed liquidation by arrangement and composition with creditors by resolutions passed at similar representative...

Arbitration

Arbitration, the determination of a matter in dispute by the judgment of one or more persons, called arbitrators, who in case of difference usually call in an 'umpire' to decide between them. Means a method of...

Bond

Bond [fr. binda, band, bunden, A. S., to bind], a written acknowledgement or binding of a debt under seal. See DEED. No technical form of words is necessary to constitute a bond; see Gerrard v. Clowes,...

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