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York-Antwerp Rules

Codification of the Law of Nations at Antwerp in 1877. The Average Adjusters' Rules adopted by the English Association of English Average Adjusters have been drawn for the same purpose.

Workman

vested in him or by the nature of duties attached to his office, All India Reserve Bank Employees' Association v. Reserve Bank of India, AIR 1966 SC 305: (1966) 1 SCR 25. The term 'workman' as used

Usual common form

Usual common form, means the articles of association sometimes provide that the transfer of shares should be in writing, and in the 'usual common form'. This

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Unless the articles of the company otherwise provide

company otherwise provide' is to subordinate the provisions of clause (c) to the provisions of the articles of association of the company. In other words, the provision that the offer of further shares shall be deemed to

Underwriter

rate which must be disclosed in the prospectus and not exceeding the rate authorized by the Articles of Association. This commission must not be confused with brokerage which companies are allowed to pay for placing their shares.

Undertaking

closure or stoppage of a part of the business or activities of the employer, Isha Steel Treatment v. Association of Engg. Workers, AIR 1987 SC 1478: (1987) 2 SCC 203: (1987) 2 SCR 414. The term 'undertaking'

Ultra vires

the directors of a company incorporated under the Companies Act, 1862, if it be outside the Memorandum of Association, neither binds the company nor can be made binding upon it by ratification. See also Att. Gen. v.

Turnover

for cash or for deferred payment or for other valuable consideration, Joint Commercial Tax Officer v. Young Men's Association (Regd.), AIR 1970 SC 1212 (1215): (1970) 1 SCC 462: (1970) 3 SCR 680. Turnover means an aggregate

Trustee

Public Trusts Act, a trustee has been defined as meaning a person, in whom either alone or in association with other persons, the trust property is vested and includes a manager, Ishwardas v. Maharashtra Revenue Tribunal, AIR

Subsidy

which are only indirect like rebates etc. should be excluded, Shri Ambica Mills No. 1 v. Textile Labour Association, AIR 1973 SC 1081: (1973) 3 SCC 787: (1973) 3 SCR 123. Subsidy, is grant of money from

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