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Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonio - 490 U.S. 642 (1989) U.S. Supreme Court Ward's Cove Packing v. Antonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989) Ward's Cove Packing Co., Inc. v. Antonio No. 87-1387 Argued January 18, 1989 Decided June 5, 1989 490 U.S. 642 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT Syllabus Jobs at petitioners' Alaskan salmon canneries are of two general types: unskilled "cannery jobs" on the cannery lines, which are filled predominantly by nonwhites; and "noncannery jobs," most of which are classified as skilled positions and filled predominantly with white workers, and virtually all of which pay more than cannery positions. Respondents, a class of nonwhite cannery workers at petitioners' facilities, filed suit in the District Court under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, alleging, inter alia, that various of petitioners' hiring/promotion practices were responsible for the workforce's racial stratification and had denied them employment as...
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Jones v. Rath Packing - 430 U.S. 519 (1977) U.S. Supreme Court Jones v. Rath Packing, 430 U.S. 519 (1977) Jones v. Rath Packing No. 75-1053 Argued December 7, 1976 Decided March 29, 1977 * 430 U.S. 519 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT Syllabus Section 12211 of the California Business and Professions Code provides that "the average weight or measure of the packages or containers in a lot of any . . . commodity sampled shall not be less, at the time of sale or offer for sale, than the net weight or measure stated upon the package." Article 5, 2930 et seq., of Title 4 of the California Administrative Code, in implementing 12211, requires a statistical sampling process for determining the average net weight of a lot, which implicitly allows for variations from stated weight caused by unavoidable deviations in the manufacturing process, but makes no allowance for loss of weight resulting from moisture loss during the course of good di...
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Lemke v. Farmers Grain Co. - 258 U.S. 50 (1922) U.S. Supreme Court Lemke v. Farmers Grain Co., 258 U.S. 50 (1922) Lemke v. Farmers Grain Company No. 456 Argued November 14, 1921 Decided February 27, 1922 258 U.S. 50 APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT Syllabus 1. In a suit in the district court which arises under a law of the United States as well as under the Constitution, in that the bill attacks a state statute both as violative of the Constitution directly and as in conflict with an act of Congress, the judgment may be reviewed by the circuit court of appeals. P. 258 U. S. 52 . 2. In the general and usual course of its trade, a North Dakota association bought grain in that state, placed it in its elevator, loaded it promptly on cars, and shipped to other states for sale. The grain, even after loading, was subject to be diverted and sold locally if the price was offered, but local sales were unusual, the company's entire market, practically...
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Jay Burns Baking Co. v. Bryan - 264 U.S. 504 (1924) U.S. Supreme Court Jay Burns Baking Co. v. Bryan, 264 U.S. 504 (1924) Jay Burns Baking Company v. Bryan No. 94 Argued October 19, 1923 Decided April 14, 1924 264 U.S. 504 ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEBRASKA Syllabus 1. The power of a state to protect the public from imposition by sale of short-weight loaves of bread cannot be exerted in such a way as arbitrarily to prohibit or interfere with, or impose unreasonable Page 264 U. S. 505 and unnecessary restrictions upon, the business of making and selling it. P. 264 U. S. 513 . 2. It is the duty of the court to determine whether a regulation challenged under the Constitution has a reasonable relation to, and a real tendency to accomplish, the purpose for which it was enacted. Id. 3. A statute of Nebraska prescribes the minimum weights of loaves of bread to be made or offered for sale in the state, and, in order to prevent the palming off of smaller for ...
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McLean Trucking Co. v. United States - 321 U.S. 67 (1944) U.S. Supreme Court McLean Trucking Co. v. United States, 321 U.S. 67 (1944) McLean Trucking Co. v. United States No. 31 Argued November 12, 15, 1943 Decided January 17, 1944 321 U.S. 67 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK Syllabus 1. Orders of the Interstate Commerce Commission authorizing, under 5 of the Interstate Commerce Act as amended, the consolidation of certain motor carriers, and, under 214 of the Motor Carrier Act of 1935, the issuance of securities by the consolidated corporation, sustained as within the authority of the Commission and supported by the findings and the evidence. P. 321 U. S. 88 . 2. The Commission having modified its orders by excluding one of the carriers from the consolidation, and the court below having determined the case in that posture, the only questions here considered are those presented by the modified orders. P. 321 U...
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Florida Avocado Growers v. Paul - 373 U.S. 132 (1963) U.S. Supreme Court Florida Avocado Growers v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132 (1963) Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul No. 45 Argued January 8, 1963 Decided May 13, 1963 * 373 U.S. 132 APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA Syllabus Appellants, who are engaged in the business of growing, packing and marketing Florida avocados in interstate commerce, sued in a Federal District Court to enjoin appellees, state officers of California, from enforcing 792 of the California Agricultural Code, which prohibits the transportation or sale in California of avocados containing less than 8% of oil by weight, against Florida avocados certified as mature under federal regulations issued under the Federal Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937. They contended that 792 of the California statute, as so applied, was unconstitutional, because, (1) under the Supremacy Clause, it must be de...
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Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona - 325 U.S. 761 (1945) U.S. Supreme Court Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona, 325 U.S. 761 (1945) Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona No. 56 Argued March 26, 27, 1945 Decided June 18, 1945 325 U.S. 761 APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA Syllabus 1. State power to regulate the length of railroad trains is not curtailed or superseded by 1 of the Interstate Commerce Act (paragraphs 117) of itself, and in the absence of administrative implementation by the Interstate Commerce Commission; nor by provisions of the Safety Appliance Act for brakes on trains; nor by the provision of 25 of Part I of the Interstate Commerce Act permitting the Commission to order the installation of train stop and control devices. Pp. 325 U. S. 765 -766. In enacting legislation within its constitutional authority over interstate commerce, Congress will not be deemed to have intended to strike down a state statute designed to protect the health and safety of the public ...
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..... standard in the literature for the analysis of racially polarized voting. 590 f.supp. at 367, n. 28, 368, n. 32. see also engstrom & mcdonald, quantitative evidence in vote dilution litigation: political participation and polarized voting, 17 urb.law. 369 (summer 1985); grofman, migalski, & noviello, the "totality of circumstances test" in section 2 of the 1982 extension of the voting rights act ..... subdivision is racially polarized; the extent to which the state or political subdivision has used voting practices or procedures that tend to enhance the opportunity for discrimination against the minority group, such as unusually large election districts ..... much if not most major federal legislation, and confidence that the federal courts will enforce such compromises is indispensable to their creation. i believe that the court today strikes a different ..... undiluted minority voting strength be measured? how much of an impairment of minority voting strength is necessary to prove a violation of 2? what constitutes racial bloc voting, and how is it proved? what weight is to be given to evidence of actual ..... whites were registered. the district court found these statewide depressed levels of black voter registration to be present in all of the disputed districts, and to be traceable, at least in part, to the historical pattern ..... . [ footnote 22 ] finally, adopting dr. grofman's terminology, see page 478 u. s. 54 tr.195, the court found that, in all but 2 of the 53 elections, [ footnote 23 ] t .....
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Karcher v. Daggett - 462 U.S. 725 (1983) U.S. Supreme Court Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U.S. 725 (1983) Karcher v. Daggett No. 81-2057 Argued March 2, 1983 Decided June 22, 1983 462 U.S. 725 APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY Syllabus As a result of the 1980 census, the New Jersey Legislature reapportioned the State's congressional districts. The reapportionment plan contained 14 districts, with an average population per district of 526,059, each district, on the average, differing from the "ideal" figure by 0.1384%. The largest district (Fourth District) had a population of 527,472, and the smallest (Sixth District) had a population of 523,798, the difference between them being 0.6984% of the average district. In a suit by a group of individuals challenging the plan's validity, the District Court held that the plan violated Art. I, 2, of the Constitution because the population deviations among districts, although small, were not the re...
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Hancock v. Train - 426 U.S. 167 (1976) U.S. Supreme Court Hancock v. Train, 426 U.S. 167 (1976) Hancock v. Train No. 74-220 Argued January 13, 1976 Decided June 7, 1976 426 U.S. 167 CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Syllabus Although 118 of the Clean Air Act obligates federal installations discharging air pollutants to join with nonfederal facilities in complying with state "requirements respecting control and abatement of air pollution," obtaining a permit from a State with a federally approved implementation plan is not among such requirements. There cannot be found in 118, either on its face or in relation to the Act as a whole, nor can there be derived from the legislative history of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, any clear and unambiguous declaration by Congress that such federal installations may not operate without a state permit. Nor can congressional intention to submit federal activity to state control be implied from the ...
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