Array ( [0] => ..... of their pleading guilty for shielding themselves from the offence of murder in the relevant murder case (on plea of alibi) may not be altogether ruled out. under section 58 of the evidence act facts admitted need not be proved. the court, however, has the discretion to require the facts admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admission. facts may thus ..... .4. on the same very day (19.7.92), asansol p.s. case no. 145/92 dated 19.7.92 under sections 302/120b/34, i.p.c, sections 25/27, arms act, and sections 9(b)(3) of the i.e act was started upon a written complaint by the informant-gopal prosad, the added o.p. no. 2 herein, against the aforesaid four ..... be proved by admission or evidence. under section 252, cr. p.c., as well it is neither obligatory for a magistrate to accept a plea of guilty by an ..... [1] => ..... depreciation and development rebate are admissible to an assessee only when the asset itself is owned by the assessee. this much is clear in section 32 as well as section 33 of the said act. since the assessee is admittedly not the owner of the railway siding, it is not entitled to claim either depreciation or development rebate. ..... which are admitted and/or found by the tribunal are as under :during the year under consideration, the assessee had two projects in operation, viz., detonator project (explosive) division and fertilizer project. in computing the capital in the fertilizer project, the income-tax officer did not include a sum of rs. 2,51,351 claimed to ..... railway siding should be included in the computation of capital of the fertilizer project of the assessee for the purpose of arriving at deduction allowable under section 80j of the income-tax act, 1961 ? 2. whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the tribunal was justified in holding that the development rebate ..... [2] => ..... wishes to challenge its liability to pay interest, it is open to it to challenge the same in an appeal provided under clause (c) of sub-section (1)of section 246 of the act. such challenge may relate to liability of the assessee to pay advance tax alone or that the amount of tax determined by the assessing officer as payable ..... is actually paid by the assessee on or before the due date applicable in his case for furnishing the return of income under sub-section (1) of section 139 of the act. thus, if the main section is considered along with first proviso and both are harmoniously construed keeping in view the intent and purpose of the provision the only conclusion ..... high court. the hon'ble calcutta high court in the case of cit v. indian explosives ltd. [1991] 192 itr 114 has held that reimbursement of medical expenses to employees could not be disallowed under section 40 a(5) or 40(c) of the act. the details of expenses and salary paid to employees are to be examined by the assessing ..... [3] => ..... incurred on accountof foreign tour of shri s.k. agarwalla are not deductible as business expenses under section 30 and/or section 37 of the income-tax act, 1961 ?' 2. the facts, inter alia, are that the assessee is messrs. mining machinery and explosives (p.) ltd. and the assessment years involved are 1964-65 and 1965-66. the assessee-company ..... of land and rs. 3,852 incurred on account of the foreign tour of shri t. h. iyer are not deductible as business expenses under section 30 and/or section 37 of the income-tax act, 1961 ?' assessment year 1965-66 : '2. whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the tribunal was right in ..... although named as mining machinery and explosives (p.) ltd. was dealing in detonators manufactured by indian detonators ltd ..... [4] => ..... prescribed limit of the licence. the items were meant for use in the process of manufacture of the applicant. these seals were required to ensure safety in production of explosives, a highly combustible product. each item was meant to replace an identical part. in our view, therefore, on these facts no penalty or fine ought to have been ..... exceeding rs. 50,000/- the importation was unauthorised. after a hearing afforded to the applicant, an order-in-adjudication was made confiscating the goods under section 111(d)/111(m) of the act and imposing a fine of rs. 20,000/- in lieu of such confiscation to be paid within a month from the date thereof. the aforesaid order ..... (2) of the act.4. it was contended before the tribunal that:(a) the applicant was an actual user. the goods imported were required for use in a pump in the explosive manufacturing unit and the seals are tailor-made and are not indigenously available.(b) they were of different sizes and specifications and a seal of one ..... [5] => ..... -bailable and cognizable offences. he started amta p. s. case no. 19 dated 6,3.1990 under sections 147/148/449/448/3123/325/342/ 427/380/506 i.p.c. read with sections 25/27 of the arms act and section 9(b) of explosive substance act against sk. ashgar ali, gora mallik, abdullah khan, wahab khan, sheik musaraf, rashid mallik, babulal mirda ..... s.d.p.o. would ask the petitioner to release him on bail. moreover the s.d.p.o. and circle inspector had no power and authority under section 437 of the code of criminal procedure to direct the officer-in-charge of the thana who was investigating a case in serious non-bailable offence of the accused to ..... grounds but the petitioner instigated d.a.p. personnel against them who protested against the release of sk. ashgar ali and had also threatened and abused them. as the act of the petitioner amounted to serious misconduct the petitioner was suspended pending enquiry. he also submits that suspension order was issued on the basis of the report submitted by ..... [6] => ..... effect that the deceased kamal thakur was brought to the police station under arrest in connection with p.s. case no. 15(2)/80 under section 326/ 307, penal code and section 6(3) indian explosives act. the next paragraph of the g.d. entry, however, gives minute details about the mode of apprehension of kamal thakur which appears to be ..... with the first part that kamal thakur was arrested as he was wanted in connection with golabari p.s. case no. 15(2)/80 under section 326/307 penal code and section 6(3), explosives act. shops are not likely to remain open till 9.30 p.m. and the story of information by the shopkeepers at 9.30 p.m. ..... is with regard to the cause of his death made shortly before his death. it is therefore clearly admissible as dying declaration of the deceased under section 32(1) of the evidence act. this dying declaration which is also corroborated by independent evidence shows that the deceased was mercilessly beaten at the golabari police station. the deceased did not ..... [7] => ..... it was further stated that such orders not-only issued in the case of the petitioners, but are issued in respect of all who may be carrying any firearm, explosive, swords, spears, daggers, knives, tridents, lathis or any article which may be used as weapon of offence or any article likely to cause annoyance to the public ..... by the supreme court in the case of hindu religious endowments, madras (supra) provides that-- 'subject to public order, morality and health every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right-(a)..... (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; the provision of art. 26(b) of the constitution as interpreted ..... police cannot prohibit the performance of religious rites and ceremonies. reference was made on behalf of the state to the provision of s. 62a of the calcutta police act which defines the power upon the police commissioner. s. 62a provides that-- 'the commissioner of police and subject to the orders of the commissioner of police, every ..... [8] => ..... was passed for offence punishable under section 9(b)(ii) of the indian explosives act. this appeal is directed against the said order of conviction and sentence of the two ..... j.1. the two appellants in this appeal were convicted under section 396 of the indian penal code as well as under section 9(b)(ii) of the indian explosives act. each of the accused was sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for life for the offence punishable under section 396 of the indian penal code, but no separate sentence ..... that can be culled out from the aforesaid decisions are :1) the facts which establish the identity of an accused person are relevant under section 9 of the indian evidence act.2) identification proceedings in their legal effect amount simply to this that certain persons are brought to jail or some other place and make statements ..... [9] => ..... between the parties, has a tradition in india. it has a social purpose to fulfil today. it has a great urgency today when there has been an explosion of litigation in the courts of law established by the sovereign power, new rights created, or awareness of these rights the erosion of faith in the intrinsic sense ..... norms which will create confidence, not only by doing justice between the parties, but by creating a sense that justice appears to have been done. sections 30 and 33 of the act provide for the grounds on which an award of the arbitrator can be set aside. these were mainly, until recent changes made by statutory laws in ..... should be condemned unheard or without representation. it was necessary to do that because the arbitrators are not strictly courts of law guided by the civil procedure code and evidence act laying down massive details of procedure.in the absence of any procedure, prescribed either by statute or by contract, the arbitrators must follow the principles of natural ..... [10] => ..... the registration certificate. however, in respect of all other classes of rental or lease agreements there is no such requirement as provided under section 2(30) and section 51 of the mv act. therefore, the rtas/sta cannot insist that entries with regard to such vehicles be compulsorily incorporated in the registration certificates. further arguing ..... scc541the hon ble apex court, although deciding a matter turning on a revenue demand, discussed in detail the provisions of the mv act. therefore, reading section 2(30) and section 51 (4) & (5) of the mv act conjointly, the hon ble apex court opined that no inference can be drawn from the registration certificate as to ownership connected ..... either of these two events, endorsement of such agreement is necessary in the registration certificate. it is apparent from the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 51 of the act that at the time an application for registration is made, in the event the motor vehicle concerned is held under any of the ..... [11] => ..... registered design no.187706 was liable to be set-aside as the same was neither new nor original and, therefore, was not a design as defined under section 2(d) of the 2000 act. its purpose was functional and did not have any independent use. on the other hand, the respondent no.2 has tried to highlight the difference in ..... registration granted on 2nd january, 2002 is the second registration of a design which is not a design under section 2(d) of the designs act, 2000. the firs.registration was granted in design 177764 and 180657. section 4 of the designs act, 2000 (2000 act) prohibits registration of a design which a) is not new or original; or b) has been disclosed ..... judgments relied on by the respondent will not aid it after the 2000 act. section 2(d) and the 1911 act is not extended to lines as under the 2000 act. there is no novelty in lines. cancellation under the 2000 act is wider than under section 51a of the 1911 act. the counter-statement at page 53 be looked into. the container in ..... [12] => ..... been initiated. in order to bring home his point, mr.khaitan drew our attention to the notice dated january 7, 2003, issued under section 142(1) of the act as also under section 143(2) of the act, wherein the following, amongst other explanations, were called for from the assessee: (iv) an explanation as to why the loss of rs ..... could be done under the above two conditions and fulfilment of the said conditions alone conferred jurisdiction on the assessing officer to make a back assessment, but in section 147 of the act (with effect from 1st april, 1989).they are given a go-by and only one condition has remained, viz. that where the assessing officer has reason ..... taking recours.to initiating a proceeding of reassessment or by way of rectification of mistake. in a case of this nature the revenue is not without remedy. section 263 of the act empowers the commissioner to review an order which is prejudicial to the revenue. lastly, mr.khaitan drew our attention to the judgment in the case of cit ..... [13] => ..... that is two appellants/writ petitioners.the proceedings before the estate officer were technically deficit for non-issuance of notice under section 4 of 1971 act. for want of notice under section 4 of the act of 1971 and respective rules to the occupant that is ramesh kumar and company private limited inspite of port trust ..... petition filed by said ramesh kumar and company private limited is maintainable since they are questioning non-compliance of notice in terms of section 4(2)(b) of the 1971 act therefore principles of natural justice is vitiated. with these arguments, learned senior counsel shaktinath mukherjee arguing for ballarpur industries and mr.abhrajit ..... without proceeding occupants/sub-tenant. against the alleged unauthorized in other words, in order to circumvent the procedure contemplated under the public premises act of 1971, the required notice under section 4 was never issued to the alleged sub-tenant and it was not even whispered in the quit notice given in the year 2004 ..... [14] => ..... as a result of an order under sub-section (1) of subsection (3) of section 143, section 144, section 147, section 154, section 155, sub-section (4) of section 245d, section 250, section 254, section 260, section 262, section 263 or section 264, the amount of tax payable under this act is reduced or increased, as the case may ..... be, the amount of tax credit allowed under this section shall also be increased or reduced accordingly.]. he wanted us to compare the aforesaid provisions of section ..... -off in a year when tax becomes payable on the total income computed in accordance with the provisions of this act other than section 115j.[or section 115jb, as the case may be].(5) set off in respect of brought forward tax credit shall be allowed ..... [15] => ..... laid down in sub-section (4) of section 80hhc of the act?. (ii) whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the income tax appellate tribunal is correct in allowing deduction of rs.1 ..... is whether the expenditure incurred by the assessee was an allowable expenditure. question could, at best, be whether it was hit by explanation 1 to section 37 of the income tax act. the cit(a) has thus answered this question, i do not find any illegality in the payment of commission by the appellant for the services ..... was admitted: (i) whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the income tax appellate tribunal is correct in allowing deduction under section 80hhc(1) of the income tax act, 1961, though the claim was not made before the assessing officer nor the assessee furnished the prescribed form, along with the return of income, as ..... [16] => ..... investments was rs.1.12 crores approximately. the assessing officer was of the opinion that the income arising from investments was not deductible under sub-section (2) of section 80p of the income tax act. the same view was taken by the cit (a).the learned tribunal was, however, of the opinion that the assessee is entitled to the ..... bihar state housing co-operative federation ltd.versus commissioner of income-tax, reported in [2009].315 itr286[patna].he also drew our attention to section 63 of the multi-state cooperative societies act, 2002 which obliges every multi-state cooperative society to transfer annually an amount of not less than 35% of its profits to the reserve ..... crores. we have not been impressed by the firs.submission advanced by mr.saraf. if the multi state co-operative societies act, 2002 does not provide for the consequences of an omission to act in accordance with section 63 thereof, that is no valid reason why the mandate of law should not be followed. when law requires a ..... [17] => ..... or immediate nexus with the business of the assessee s undertaking and, consequently, they are not eligible for grant of deduction under section 10b of the act, which is akin to section 80hh of the act dealt with in the decision referred supra. mr.r.n.bajoria, learned senior advocate rightly pointed out that the judgment of the ..... definition of income from profits and gains incorporated in subsection (4).the assessee is entitled to the benefit of exemption of the said amount as contemplated under section 10b of the act. therefore, the tribunal was justified in extending the benefit to the aforesaid amounts also. we do not find any merit in these appeals. therefore, the ..... the case the income tax appellate tribunal erred in law in setting aside the order of revenue and directing the assessing officer to work out deduction under section 80hhc of the income tax act, 1961 by excluding 90% of net interest ?. (c ) whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the income tax appellate ..... [18] => ..... are well-recognised principles for fixation of wages or salaries and allowances.25. after perusing the recommendations, it is evident that the administrative members have acted as mouthpieces of the government rather than independently considering whether the increase sought by the high court employees was justified. in fact, their report indicates ..... the recommendations of the judicial members of the pay commission as the bedrock for future discussions. we do not find that the learned single judge has acted arbitrarily or capriciously while directing the state to reconsider its stand. in fact, as mentioned earlier the employees have reduced their demands at this stage ..... that if there was need for an approval . the independence of the judiciary would be compromised. since the governor and the president were expected to act on the advice of the government of the day, some members had reservations because a truculent government could stonewall any suggestions or recommendations made by the ..... [19] => ..... trademark, the use of the aforesaid mark by the respondent on the product being sold by him also constitute an infringement within the meaning of section 29(4) of the trade mark act, 1999 as by using such trademark the respondent is trying to take an unfair advantage by encashing upon the brand quality and goodwill which the ..... watches was being diluted by using the said trademark in relation to jewelry. it is succinctly observed:- 18. this court, even prior to introduction of section 29(4) in the 1999 act had in daimler benz aktiegesellschaft v. hybo hindustan, (1994) 14 ptc287in relation to another well known trademark benz held that such names are different from ..... of the varied category and price. it, 5 therefore, prima facie satisfies the definition of a well known trademark under section 2(zg) of the act. in view of the section 29(4)(c) of the act the plaintiff would be entitled to maintain an action of infringement against the respondents with regard to the other category namely mixer ..... ) Explosives Act 1884 Section 4 Definitions - Sortby Recent - Court Kolkata - Page 8 - Judgments | SooperKanoon Skip to content


Judgment Search Results Home > Cases Phrase: explosives act 1884 section 4 definitions Sorted by: recent Court: kolkata Page 8 of about 10,025 results (0.302 seconds)

Apr 29 1993 (HC)

Ramesh Chandra Biswas Vs. the State and anr.

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : (1993)2CALLT310(HC),97CWN1053

..... of their pleading guilty for shielding themselves from the offence of murder in the relevant murder case (on plea of alibi) may not be altogether ruled out. under section 58 of the evidence act facts admitted need not be proved. the court, however, has the discretion to require the facts admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admission. facts may thus ..... .4. on the same very day (19.7.92), asansol p.s. case no. 145/92 dated 19.7.92 under sections 302/120b/34, i.p.c, sections 25/27, arms act, and sections 9(b)(3) of the i.e act was started upon a written complaint by the informant-gopal prosad, the added o.p. no. 2 herein, against the aforesaid four ..... be proved by admission or evidence. under section 252, cr. p.c., as well it is neither obligatory for a magistrate to accept a plea of guilty by an .....

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Jul 09 1992 (HC)

Commissioner of Income-tax Vs. Indian Explosives Ltd.

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : [1993]204ITR476(Cal)

..... depreciation and development rebate are admissible to an assessee only when the asset itself is owned by the assessee. this much is clear in section 32 as well as section 33 of the said act. since the assessee is admittedly not the owner of the railway siding, it is not entitled to claim either depreciation or development rebate. ..... which are admitted and/or found by the tribunal are as under :during the year under consideration, the assessee had two projects in operation, viz., detonator project (explosive) division and fertilizer project. in computing the capital in the fertilizer project, the income-tax officer did not include a sum of rs. 2,51,351 claimed to ..... railway siding should be included in the computation of capital of the fertilizer project of the assessee for the purpose of arriving at deduction allowable under section 80j of the income-tax act, 1961 ? 2. whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the tribunal was justified in holding that the development rebate .....

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Jan 27 1992 (TRI)

Dunlop India Ltd. Vs. Assistant Commissioner of

Court : Income Tax Appellate Tribunal ITAT Kolkata

Reported in : (1992)41ITD582(Kol.)

..... wishes to challenge its liability to pay interest, it is open to it to challenge the same in an appeal provided under clause (c) of sub-section (1)of section 246 of the act. such challenge may relate to liability of the assessee to pay advance tax alone or that the amount of tax determined by the assessing officer as payable ..... is actually paid by the assessee on or before the due date applicable in his case for furnishing the return of income under sub-section (1) of section 139 of the act. thus, if the main section is considered along with first proviso and both are harmoniously construed keeping in view the intent and purpose of the provision the only conclusion ..... high court. the hon'ble calcutta high court in the case of cit v. indian explosives ltd. [1991] 192 itr 114 has held that reimbursement of medical expenses to employees could not be disallowed under section 40 a(5) or 40(c) of the act. the details of expenses and salary paid to employees are to be examined by the assessing .....

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May 15 1991 (HC)

Mining Machinery and Explosives (P.) Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income-t ...

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : [1993]202ITR710(Cal)

..... incurred on accountof foreign tour of shri s.k. agarwalla are not deductible as business expenses under section 30 and/or section 37 of the income-tax act, 1961 ?' 2. the facts, inter alia, are that the assessee is messrs. mining machinery and explosives (p.) ltd. and the assessment years involved are 1964-65 and 1965-66. the assessee-company ..... of land and rs. 3,852 incurred on account of the foreign tour of shri t. h. iyer are not deductible as business expenses under section 30 and/or section 37 of the income-tax act, 1961 ?' assessment year 1965-66 : '2. whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the tribunal was right in ..... although named as mining machinery and explosives (p.) ltd. was dealing in detonators manufactured by indian detonators ltd .....

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Mar 20 1991 (HC)

Indian Explosives Ltd. Vs. Collector of Customs

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : 1992(60)ELT111(Cal)

..... prescribed limit of the licence. the items were meant for use in the process of manufacture of the applicant. these seals were required to ensure safety in production of explosives, a highly combustible product. each item was meant to replace an identical part. in our view, therefore, on these facts no penalty or fine ought to have been ..... exceeding rs. 50,000/- the importation was unauthorised. after a hearing afforded to the applicant, an order-in-adjudication was made confiscating the goods under section 111(d)/111(m) of the act and imposing a fine of rs. 20,000/- in lieu of such confiscation to be paid within a month from the date thereof. the aforesaid order ..... (2) of the act.4. it was contended before the tribunal that:(a) the applicant was an actual user. the goods imported were required for use in a pump in the explosive manufacturing unit and the seals are tailor-made and are not indigenously available.(b) they were of different sizes and specifications and a seal of one .....

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May 17 1990 (HC)

Sri Sankar Majumdar Vs. the State of West Bengal and ors.

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : (1991)1CALLT332(HC)

..... -bailable and cognizable offences. he started amta p. s. case no. 19 dated 6,3.1990 under sections 147/148/449/448/3123/325/342/ 427/380/506 i.p.c. read with sections 25/27 of the arms act and section 9(b) of explosive substance act against sk. ashgar ali, gora mallik, abdullah khan, wahab khan, sheik musaraf, rashid mallik, babulal mirda ..... s.d.p.o. would ask the petitioner to release him on bail. moreover the s.d.p.o. and circle inspector had no power and authority under section 437 of the code of criminal procedure to direct the officer-in-charge of the thana who was investigating a case in serious non-bailable offence of the accused to ..... grounds but the petitioner instigated d.a.p. personnel against them who protested against the release of sk. ashgar ali and had also threatened and abused them. as the act of the petitioner amounted to serious misconduct the petitioner was suspended pending enquiry. he also submits that suspension order was issued on the basis of the report submitted by .....

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May 14 1990 (HC)

The State Vs. Sunil Biswas and ors.

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : 1990CriLJ2093

..... effect that the deceased kamal thakur was brought to the police station under arrest in connection with p.s. case no. 15(2)/80 under section 326/ 307, penal code and section 6(3) indian explosives act. the next paragraph of the g.d. entry, however, gives minute details about the mode of apprehension of kamal thakur which appears to be ..... with the first part that kamal thakur was arrested as he was wanted in connection with golabari p.s. case no. 15(2)/80 under section 326/307 penal code and section 6(3), explosives act. shops are not likely to remain open till 9.30 p.m. and the story of information by the shopkeepers at 9.30 p.m. ..... is with regard to the cause of his death made shortly before his death. it is therefore clearly admissible as dying declaration of the deceased under section 32(1) of the evidence act. this dying declaration which is also corroborated by independent evidence shows that the deceased was mercilessly beaten at the golabari police station. the deceased did not .....

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May 07 1990 (HC)

Acharya Jagadishwaranada Avadhuta and Another Vs. Commissioner of Poli ...

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : AIR1990Cal336,(1990)2CALLT212(HC)

..... it was further stated that such orders not-only issued in the case of the petitioners, but are issued in respect of all who may be carrying any firearm, explosive, swords, spears, daggers, knives, tridents, lathis or any article which may be used as weapon of offence or any article likely to cause annoyance to the public ..... by the supreme court in the case of hindu religious endowments, madras (supra) provides that-- 'subject to public order, morality and health every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right-(a)..... (b) to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; the provision of art. 26(b) of the constitution as interpreted ..... police cannot prohibit the performance of religious rites and ceremonies. reference was made on behalf of the state to the provision of s. 62a of the calcutta police act which defines the power upon the police commissioner. s. 62a provides that-- 'the commissioner of police and subject to the orders of the commissioner of police, every .....

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Apr 25 1990 (HC)

Habal Shaikh and anr. Vs. the State

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : 1991CriLJ1258

..... was passed for offence punishable under section 9(b)(ii) of the indian explosives act. this appeal is directed against the said order of conviction and sentence of the two ..... j.1. the two appellants in this appeal were convicted under section 396 of the indian penal code as well as under section 9(b)(ii) of the indian explosives act. each of the accused was sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for life for the offence punishable under section 396 of the indian penal code, but no separate sentence ..... that can be culled out from the aforesaid decisions are :1) the facts which establish the identity of an accused person are relevant under section 9 of the indian evidence act.2) identification proceedings in their legal effect amount simply to this that certain persons are brought to jail or some other place and make statements .....

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Jul 25 1989 (HC)

Indian Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. Vs. the Sautna Stone and Lime Co. Ltd.

Court : Kolkata

Reported in : AIR1991Cal3

..... between the parties, has a tradition in india. it has a social purpose to fulfil today. it has a great urgency today when there has been an explosion of litigation in the courts of law established by the sovereign power, new rights created, or awareness of these rights the erosion of faith in the intrinsic sense ..... norms which will create confidence, not only by doing justice between the parties, but by creating a sense that justice appears to have been done. sections 30 and 33 of the act provide for the grounds on which an award of the arbitrator can be set aside. these were mainly, until recent changes made by statutory laws in ..... should be condemned unheard or without representation. it was necessary to do that because the arbitrators are not strictly courts of law guided by the civil procedure code and evidence act laying down massive details of procedure.in the absence of any procedure, prescribed either by statute or by contract, the arbitrators must follow the principles of natural .....

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