Earnshaw Vs. Cadwalader

Decided On : May-16-1892

Court : US Supreme Court

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 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader - 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader, 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 348
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued April 29, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided May 16, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 145 U.S. 247
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Under schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, iron ore was charged with a duty of 75 cents per ton, and that duty was assessable on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher, and not on the ore after the moisture was dried out of it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action brought in January, 1888, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, by John W. S. Earnshaw against John Cadwalader, Collector of Customs for the District of Philadelphia, to recover $71.61, as an alleged excess of duties exacted by the collector on three importations of iron ore, made in February and April, 1887, by the plaintiff, into the port of Philadelphia, from Porman, Spain. The case was tried before a jury in October, 1888, who rendered a verdict for the defendant, and he had a judgment, to review which the plaintiff has brought a writ of error.
 </p>
<p>
 The iron ore was dutiable under Schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, under the provision imposing a duty as follows: "Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton." The plaintiff seasonably paid, protested, appealed, and brought suit. The form of his protest as to each of the three importations was the same. The collector imposed a duty of 75 cents per ton on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher. The protest stated that the importer claimed that the collector erred in exacting duty on the full weight reported by the weigher, and that the importer paid the same under protest,
 </p>
<p>
 "because the importation is dutiable as merchandise which is described as 'iron ore' in Act of
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="248">
 Page 145 U. S. 248
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 March 3, 1883, c. 121, sec. 6, Schedule C, and 'iron ore' was and is understood among dealers in and consumers of such iron ore in this country to refer, and did refer, to iron ore in the condition of dryness in which it is sold in trade, which condition of dryness is usually ascertained in trade by subjecting the iron ore to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit; but you have levied the rate of seventy-five cents per ton on my importation when mixed with, and the weight increased by, a considerable percent of water, thereby making me pay, in violation of law, that rate of duty on water; because the iron ore of commerce, to which the said tariff law applies, is iron ore in a dry state --
 <em>
 i.e.,
 </em>
 free from water not chemically combined -- and because, although the method of ascertaining the amount of such mechanically mixed moisture is well known, easily applied, and actually used between buyers and sellers of such ores in this country, you have refused to ascertain the true taxable weight of the iron ore of this entry in this or any other way, or make any allowance for such mechanically and accidentally combined moisture, in ascertaining the weight."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to show that samples representative of the whole mass were taken by three different samplers on the arrival of the different cargoes, which samples were delivered to two chemists in the same condition as taken, in order that the amount of moisture mechanically present, and the amount of metallic iron, might be ascertained. The plaintiff then introduced evidence tending to show that the cargoes of iron ore so imported contained water mechanically present, and not chemically combined with the ore, and claimed that such water was not subject to duty as "iron ore." Evidence was given as to the quantity of such water, and there was no dispute as to the propriety of the method of ascertaining it, which was to dry the samples at the heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and thus expel the water or moisture mechanically present, without having any effect on the chemical ingredients of the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff asked the court to rule that "the term
 <em>
 iron ore,' in its ordinary meaning, does not include water which is mechanically present, and not chemically combined with
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="249">
 Page 145 U. S. 249
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the ore." The court refused so to rule, and the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the trial, the court, against the objection of the plaintiff, admitted evidence tending to show that the iron ores of the United States, which resembled, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ore involved in this suit, were dealt in in this country without an allowance for moisture. The court, in ruling in favor of the admission of such evidence, stated that the purpose of the testimony was to show whether it was true, as was said by some of the witnesses, that the signification of "iron ore," when applied to the description of ore in question, meant the dry ore, because, as the court said, if it were shown that in dealing in precisely the same character of ore mined in the United States, there was no such limitation of the meaning, and no such dealing, that bore directly on the weight and credibility of the testimony given by the plaintiff for the purpose of making an exception in favor of the particular description of ore in question; that it was a legitimate argument that if the designation or signification of the term "iron ore," when applied to such description of soft ore mined in the United States, included the water, it would be unreasonable to believe that the designation of "iron ore," when applied to precisely the same kind of iron ore, meant the dry ore, without the water, simply because it came from across the sea, and that, although it was not direct testimony as to the iron ore in question, it was testimony in respect to iron ore precisely like it. The plaintiff excepted to the admission of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, charged the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "The term 'iron ore,' as defined by lexicographers and used and understood in commerce generally, includes the water as well as other foreign substances held in combination with iron, whether the combination be chemical or physical. It follows, therefore, that the duty imposed and complained of here was properly imposed unless a distinction is to be drawn between this ore and iron ore generally."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff excepted to that part of the charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="250">
 Page 145 U. S. 250
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "If iron ore as imported into the United States, in generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present, and not chemically united with the constituents of the ore, should be removed, and the usual mode to remove such moisture, to ascertain this basis and determine the true ore, is by drying at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, that course should be adopted to determine what is dutiable iron ore under the tariff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and remarked that there was no evidence to warrant a finding that the iron ore in question "is generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present should be removed," except where that basis was stipulated for by special contract, and that such transactions (founded on contract) were unimportant, standing alone, in the consideration of the case. To such ruling of the court the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff also requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "If, upon the whole evidence, you are in doubt whether the iron ore of commerce is iron ore free from water, not chemically combined with it, it is your duty to give the importer, the plaintiff in this case, the benefit of the doubt, and your verdict should be for the plaintiff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and stated that the question must be decided according to the weight of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the charge given, the court submitted to the jury the question as to what the term "iron ore" was understood to mean commercially, and on this subject the court said to the jury:
 </p>
<p>
 "In the enactment of tariff statutes, Congress must be understood, when employing terms to describe articles of commerce, to employ them in the sense in which they are commercially understood and employed by persons dealing in such articles and familiar with the subject -- in other words, as they are understood and employed in the commerce to which they relate. If, therefore, the plaintiff has proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the imported ore here in question, signifies to those dealing in it, and familiar with the subject, dry ore only -- that is, ore from which the water has been extracted -- this signification must be given to the term as applied to this ore. To warrant this construction, however,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="251">
 Page 145 U. S. 251
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the evidence must satisfy you that the term has this signification generally -- that is, habitually, commonly -- in the commerce respecting this ore, so as to be obligatory upon parties dealing in the ore, without special contract on the subject. Does the evidence satisfy you that it has? Looking at the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone, in the first instance, is the existence of this signification, under the circumstances stated, proved? His witnesses, when first examined, went little further than to say that in buying and selling and dealing generally in this ore, parties act upon the understanding that the ore is dry -- in other words, that the water is excluded from the weight. They further say, however, that special contracts are entered into respecting it, generally if not always, whereby the rights of purchasers to have the water so excluded is secured. If the case had rested here, as it did when the plaintiff first closed his testimony and the defendant moved for a nonsuit, the court would, as it intimated, have held that the evidence was insufficient to justify a finding in the plaintiff's favor. The evidence seemed to show no more than a course or custom of dealing by express contract respecting the ore, which, standing alone, should have no influence in ascertaining the signification of the term in question as applied to it. Subsequently the plaintiff called these witnesses back and inquired of them: "What is the term
 <em>
 iron ore' understood to mean commercially among importers and dealers in imported ore?" In other words, what is the iron ore of commerce -- imported ore? And the witnesses answered substantially that it is understood to be ore without the water -- dry ore. The witnesses repeat their former testimony respecting the custom or habit of dealing in the ore, that parties proceed upon the understanding that the water is to be excluded, and that their contracts contain a stipulation securing its exclusion. There were three or four witnesses, very intelligent men, called back, who thus testified respecting the signification of the term as applied to this ore. This testimony, in terms at least, seemed to have a broader scope than that previously heard, and to warrant a submission of the question to you. In considering it, however, you must bear in mind
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="252">
 Page 145 U. S. 252
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 what these witnesses said when first examined as well as subsequently, and inquire whether their testimony, thus take altogether, shows more than a course or custom of dealing in which parties habitually contract, by special provision, for the exclusion of water from dry ore. If it shows no more than this, it is of no value. To sustain the plaintiff's case, the testimony must show, as before stated, that the term "iron ore," as applied to the ore in question, signifies, to persons familiar with the commerce respecting it, dry ore only; that this is the common, well known, and recognized signification of the term when so applied, upon which signification parties buying and selling or otherwise dealing in the ore have a clear right to depend without any contract or "
 </p>
<p>
 brk:
 </p>
<p>
 stipulation respecting it. Does the plaintiff's testimony, even when considered alone, show that the term, so applied, has this signification? In determining this, it is important to remember that parties dealing in the ore, according to the plaintiff's testimony, do not seem to rely alone upon the existence of this signification in dealing, but resort to contract for excluding the water. Neither you nor the court can overlook the fact that this manner of dealing by special contract seems to be inconsistent with the alleged existence of a common, well understood signification of the term "iron ore," such as is here set up. I have thus called your attention to the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone. It is not to be decided, however, without considering as well the testimony produced by the defendant. The government has called several witnesses -- a larger number than were called by the plaintiff, and equally intelligent, apparently -- who say in substance that they are familiar with the ore in question, several of them being dealers in it, and that the signification of the term "iron ore," as applied to it, includes the water, as well as everything else contained in the mass, just as the term does when applied to any other description of iron ore; that there is no such commodity known to commerce as dry iron ore; that while the soft foreign ore is sometimes bought with the water excluded, it is also bought without respect to the water, as all other iron ore is bought, and that when it is so bought with the water excluded,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="253">
 Page 145 U. S. 253
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 this is always specially provided by the term "ores," as when applied to hard and all other descriptions of ore. Now you must determine from all the evidence in the case whether it is proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the description of imported ore here involved, has the limited signification attributed to it by the plaintiff -- that is, that it signifies dry ore, ore with the water excluded. If you find it has this signification generally, commonly, when so applied, your verdict will be for the plaintiff for the amounts claimed; otherwise, your verdict will be for the defendant.
 </p>
<p>
 There was no other exception by the plaintiff to any part of the charge than the exception above specifically mentioned.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="255">
 Page 145 U. S. 255
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence on the part of the plaintiff tended to show that the quantity of water mechanically present, and not chemically combined, in iron ores like those in question was variable and accidental, and varied in ores which came from the same mine, the chemical ingredients of which remained practically constant accordingly as the ore had been subjected to rain or to exposure to the elements; that the amount of water thus mechanically present would vary from a few hundredths of 1 percent up to 12, 16, and 25 percent; that such variation was due to the mechanical absorption of water; that practically all the moisture mechanically present would dry out in the sun; and that the ore, as it came from the mines in dry weather, was as dry as dust.
 </p>
<p>
 The question involved was whether the duty of 75 cents
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="256">
 Page 145 U. S. 256
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 per ton should be imposed on the government weight of the article, according to the finding and record of the weighing officers or whether such official weight should be reduced by an allowance sufficient to render the iron ore no greater in weight than its weight if raised, under conditions favorable to evaporation, to a heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The burden of making out a claim to the recovery of this difference rests upon the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 The history of the question in the Treasury Department is as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 On September 8, 1879, Assistant Secretary French, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, refused to make an allowance for the increase of weight from moisture in certain imported iron ore, holding that the duty accrued on the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return.
 </p>
<p>
 In a letter of May 17, 1886, by Acting Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Philadelphia, the same ruling was made, and it was held that under the regulations of the department and its decisions, no allowance could be made for the absorption of moisture or sea water on the voyage of importation unless upon an application filed with the collector of customs within ten days after the landing of the goods and an ascertainment and report by the appraiser of the percentage of damage or increased weight.
 </p>
<p>
 In September, 1886, an importer of iron ore contended that the duty of 75 cents per ton imposed by the Act of March 3, 1883, upon iron ore meant ore dry at the temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The Treasury Department submitted the question to the Attorney General, and Acting Attorney General Jenks, in a letter to the Secretary, dated September 17, 1886, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 466, held that the duty was to be levied on whatever was the known commercial signification of "iron ore," and that if iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit was the standard adopted in commercial transactions of iron ore, and was what was known in commerce as "iron ore," it was the ore contemplated by the statute, and the duty should be levied on that basis, citing
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="257">
 Page 145 U. S. 257
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 404, and
 <em>
 Drew v. Grinnell,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84978/drew-vs-grinnell">
 115 U. S. 477
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 Assistant Secretary Fairchild, on October 29, 1886, transmitted to the collector of customs at New York a copy of the ruling of Acting Attorney General Jenks of September 17, 1886, and stated that the department had made careful inquiry as to the custom of trade in buying and selling imported iron ore; that the great weight of evidence was to the effect that the iron ore of commerce was iron ore free from water not chemically combined; that it was the custom to expel water which was only mechanically present before proceeding to ascertain the amount of ore which was bought and sold; that to do this, the ore was heated to 212Ą Fahrenheit; that the rule "is hereby established" that for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of duty to be paid upon importations of iron ore, the weight of the ore when heated to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit should be first found, and upon that weight duty should be collected, and that entries of prior importations might be reliquidated and duties refunded in accordance with that rule in cases where the importers had fully complied with the provisions of § 2931 of the Revised Statutes as to protest, appeal, and suit.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 5th of November, 1886, Assistant Secretary Fairchild telegraphed to the collector of customs at Baltimore to suspend until further orders all reliquidations of entries on account of allowance for moisture on importations of iron ore, under the department's decision of October 29, 1886.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 12th of January, 1887, the Treasury Department submitted to the Attorney General substantially the whole question whether the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit or iron ore as it was delivered at the port of entry for weighing. In reply, Attorney General Garland, in a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, dated January 19, 1887, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 530, referred to the letter of Acting Attorney General Jenks, of September 17, 1886, and, in speaking of the rule that the iron ore of the statute was to be interpreted as the iron ore of commerce, cited the cases of
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="258">
 Page 145 U. S. 258
 </a>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </em>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar#410">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 410, and
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout">
 Elliott v. Swartwout,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 10 Pet. 137,
 <span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout#151">
 35 U. S. 151
 </a>
</span>
 , and said that "commerce," as used in that connection, was to be understood in its comprehensive sense of buying and selling an exchange in the general sales or traffic of our own markets; that special contracts in which the term "iron ore" was defined by special description or qualifying words would be no evidence of the general commercial signification of the term; that if the departmental practice and interpretation as to the collection of customs on iron ore had been of longstanding and uniform prior to 1883, it was to be presumed that if such interpretation had been false and vicious, Congress would have guarded against a like interpretation of the act of 1883; that as that act had not repudiated any prior interpretation, the presumption was very strong that Congress, in enacting the Act of March 3, 1883, had understood the iron ore of commerce to be what the practice of the department had established, and that if the decision before referred to, of September 8, 1879, that the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return, without allowance for increase of weight, from moisture, of the iron ore imported, was subject to duty, was in accordance with the practice of the department prior to September 8, 1879, and was adhered to afterwards as the rule, it would be a pregnant fact to guide to the same conclusion.
 </p>
<p>
 On February 3, 1887, Secretary Manning, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, stated that, since the letter of Assistant Secretary Fairchild of October 29, 1886, and the suspension announced by Assistant Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Baltimore by the telegram of November 5, 1886, the Secretary had duly considered a large amount of new testimony, both for and against the proposition laid down in such letter of October 29, 1886, that the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore when dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and had received the opinion of Attorney General Garland, of January 19, 1887; that, in the light of such new testimony, and of the opinion of the Attorney General, the Secretary decided that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="259">
 Page 145 U. S. 259
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 iron ore, as known to the commerce of the United States, was the ore in its natural state in respect to moisture, and that the instructions of October 29, 1886, were therefore revoked, and the collector was directed to assess duty on the actual weights as reported by the United States weigher at the time of importation, but that in the case of importations of iron ore which importers might claim had been increased in weight on the voyage by the addition of sea water, the regulations of the department applied, and importers, on making due application thereunder, might obtain such allowance as might be estimated and reported by the United States appraiser.
 </p>
<p>
 No statute of the United States in force when the importations in question were made recognized any deduction from the weight of iron ore when imported because of its containing moisture. The ore was weighed by the government's officers at the ship's side, and the weight so taken was entered in a book and became a public record of the government weight of the importation. No statute authorized a deduction from such government weight in imposing the duty of 75 cents a ton on the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appeared by the evidence that dried ore was an article unknown to commerce or trade, and the evidence was clear that the allowance between dealers for the moisture that would be expelled by heating the ore to 212Ą Fahrenheit had been based on contract and stipulation, and that no custom existed authorizing such allowance even among dealers except where the express conditions of the contract authorized such an allowance. But this whole question, in connection with the fact that the evidence showed that no such custom as an allowance for moisture was ever applied to a purchase or sale of American iron ore, even by a stipulation in a contract, and that some foreign ores were always sold by the ton and without allowance, was submitted to and passed upon by the jury under a proper charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence shows that water, mechanically mixed, is one of the natural and constant constituents of the iron ore of commerce, both domestic and foreign, and that there is no warrant for the conclusion that the iron ore of the statute is
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="260">
 Page 145 U. S. 260
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 limited to dry ore or ore with such mechanically mixed water excluded. A verdict to the contrary would have been entirely unsupported by the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The claim of the plaintiff is really for an allowance by the government upon the government weight of the article imported, in the condition in which the plaintiff imported it, with a view to making it a different article from what it was when the importer presented it to the weigher. By § 2890 of the Revised Statutes, the weigher is to make a return of the articles weighed by him out of a vessel within three days after the vessel is discharged, and such return is to be made in a book prepared by the weigher for that purpose and kept in the custom house. Under the statute, the weight so ascertained and recorded becomes the government weight of iron ore for the purpose of imposing thereon the duty of 75 cents a ton, in the absence of a contrary provision in the statute. Any allowance between dealers is shown to have been based upon an agreement previously made to allow for moisture.
 </p>
<p>
 The importer had the right to introduce iron ore only on complying with the statute, and that authorizes the entry only upon payment of a duty of 75 cents per ton upon the article brought in, and the ton is 2,240 pounds, by § 2951 of the Revised Statutes. It is a necessity that all ore should have some moisture mechanically mixed with it, and the statute is silent as to the moisture mechanically mixed or chemically combined with the iron ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appears that no alleged custom of dealers controls a carrier as to the payment of freight for the transportation of the imported iron ore, but the charge for transportation is by the actual weight, including the water.
 </p>
<p>
 The provision of § 2927 of the Revised Statutes, as carried out by the regulations of the Treasury Department, protects the importer from losses by reason of water if he employs the methods prescribed for such protection. Such methods exclude the nonstatutory method sought to be applied in the present case.
 </p>
<p>
 The duty of 75 cents per ton on iron ore, containing such quantity of water as it may contain, applies equally to the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="261">
 Page 145 U. S. 261
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 duty per ton imposed by the act of 1883 on imported hay, as to which no method is provided by statute for an allowance for the moisture contained in it except as provided in regard to imports damaged by water. In each case, the duty is imposed on the weight of the article brought in. The principle is different from that in regard to dirt clinging to the skin of a potato, or clay, sand, and gravel mixed with flaxseed. In those cases, the dirt, clay, sand, and gravel are plainly discoverable and readily eliminated, and do not inhere in the article as moisture does in iron ore or in hay.
 </p>
<p>
 Reference is made by the counsel for the plaintiff in error to the provision of Schedule C of the Act of October 1, 1890, c. 1244, 26 Stat. 567, 574, paragraph 133, which imposes a duty of 75 cents per ton on "iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites," and which further provide
 </p>
<p>
 "that in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore, no deduction shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined therewith."
 </p>
<p>
 It is contended that this provision of the Tariff Act of 1890 is a legislative interpretation which shows that Congress did not consider the term "iron ore," when used alone, as in the act of 1883, broad enough to embrace water held in mechanical combination; that this is a recognition by Congress that the term in the act of 1883 did not include water mechanically or physically present in the iron ore, and that under that act an allowance ought properly to be made in ascertaining the dutiable weight at the custom house, from the fact of the provision in the act of 1890 that such allowance should not be made thereafter.
 </p>
<p>
 But it is manifest from the history of the importation of the article, as shown in the proceedings of the Treasury Department in regard to it above set forth, that the provision of the act of 1890 was inserted to save further trouble as to the question. The rule claimed by the plaintiff to be applicable would exclude from the government weight water chemically combined as well as that physically mixed with the iron ore, for the proviso, being that no deduction shall be
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="262">
 Page 145 U. S. 262
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 made from the weight on account of moisture "chemically or physically" combined with the ore, if regarded as evidence that the act of 1883 allowed for moisture physically or mechanically combined, would also show that the act of 1883 allowed for water chemically combined. No statute in regard to iron ore ever permitted an allowance for the water chemically combined with it, and the act of 1883 must have the same construction in regard to all moisture, however mixed or combined with the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The rule is invoked by the plaintiff in error which is set forth in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , that if the question in regard to a rate of duty is one of doubt, the doubt is to be resolved in favor of the importer, as duties are never imposed upon the citizen on vague or doubtful interpretations. In the present case, the imposition of the duty is distinct and clear, and there is no doubtful interpretation, and the rule does not apply, for the reason that the importer seeks to obtain an allowance in reduction of a duty which is distinctly imposed.
 </p>
<p>
 It is stated in the brief for the plaintiff in error that as the circuit court ruled that the ordinary definition of the term "iron ore" included water mechanically present, the burden was on the plaintiff to satisfy the jury that the interpretation given to the term among commercial men did not include such water; that the plaintiff was to fail or prevail as the jury interpreted the meaning of the term in commerce to be the mass inclusive or exclusive of the water, and that if, on the whole evidence, the jury were in doubt as to what was the proper interpretation, that doubt should have been resolved in favor of the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 But, the burden of proof being on the plaintiff to prove the interpretation he contends for to be the true one, he could not be entitled to a verdict so long as he failed to satisfy the jury, by a preponderance of evidence, that his interpretation was the correct one. The question of doubt referred to in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , is a doubt of a very different character, and is as to whether, as matter of legal construction and not as matter of fact, the article is within the terms of the statute. The intention of Congress
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="263">
 Page 145 U. S. 263
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 to impose a duty of 75 cents a ton on the weight of iron ore is expressed in clear and unambiguous language.
 <em>
 American Net & Twine Co. v. Worthington,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington">
 141 U. S. 468
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington#474">
 141 U. S. 474
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence put in on the part of the defendant and objected to by the plaintiff, that the iron ores of the United States which resemble, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ores in question were dealt in in the United States without an allowance for moisture was justified by the evidence which has been put in on the part of the plaintiff, and the explanation made by the court, as before set forth, that the testimony was received as bearing directly upon the weight and credibility of the testimony on the part of the plaintiff, was sound. The evidence, too, was proper under the claim of custom set up by the plaintiff.
 </p>
<p>
 We see no ground for a reversal of the judgment, and it is
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Affirmed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
<br/>
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 ',
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 '
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 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader - 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader, 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 348
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued April 29, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided May 16, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 145 U.S. 247
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Under schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, iron ore was charged with a duty of 75 cents per ton, and that duty was assessable on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher, and not on the ore after the moisture was dried out of it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action brought in January, 1888, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, by John W. S. Earnshaw against John Cadwalader, Collector of Customs for the District of Philadelphia, to recover $71.61, as an alleged excess of duties exacted by the collector on three importations of iron ore, made in February and April, 1887, by the plaintiff, into the port of Philadelphia, from Porman, Spain. The case was tried before a jury in October, 1888, who rendered a verdict for the defendant, and he had a judgment, to review which the plaintiff has brought a writ of error.
 </p>
<p>
 The iron ore was dutiable under Schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, under the provision imposing a duty as follows: "Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton." The plaintiff seasonably paid, protested, appealed, and brought suit. The form of his protest as to each of the three importations was the same. The collector imposed a duty of 75 cents per ton on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher. The protest stated that the importer claimed that the collector erred in exacting duty on the full weight reported by the weigher, and that the importer paid the same under protest,
 </p>
<p>
 "because the importation is dutiable as merchandise which is described as 'iron ore' in Act of
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="248">
 Page 145 U. S. 248
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 March 3, 1883, c. 121, sec. 6, Schedule C, and 'iron ore' was and is understood among dealers in and consumers of such iron ore in this country to refer, and did refer, to iron ore in the condition of dryness in which it is sold in trade, which condition of dryness is usually ascertained in trade by subjecting the iron ore to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit; but you have levied the rate of seventy-five cents per ton on my importation when mixed with, and the weight increased by, a considerable percent of water, thereby making me pay, in violation of law, that rate of duty on water; because the iron ore of commerce, to which the said tariff law applies, is iron ore in a dry state --
 <em>
 i.e.,
 </em>
 free from water not chemically combined -- and because, although the method of ascertaining the amount of such mechanically mixed moisture is well known, easily applied, and actually used between buyers and sellers of such ores in this country, you have refused to ascertain the true taxable weight of the iron ore of this entry in this or any other way, or make any allowance for such mechanically and accidentally combined moisture, in ascertaining the weight."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to show that samples representative of the whole mass were taken by three different samplers on the arrival of the different cargoes, which samples were delivered to two chemists in the same condition as taken, in order that the amount of moisture mechanically present, and the amount of metallic iron, might be ascertained. The plaintiff then introduced evidence tending to show that the cargoes of iron ore so imported contained water mechanically present, and not chemically combined with the ore, and claimed that such water was not subject to duty as "iron ore." Evidence was given as to the quantity of such water, and there was no dispute as to the propriety of the method of ascertaining it, which was to dry the samples at the heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and thus expel the water or moisture mechanically present, without having any effect on the chemical ingredients of the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff asked the court to rule that "the term
 <em>
 iron ore,' in its ordinary meaning, does not include water which is mechanically present, and not chemically combined with
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="249">
 Page 145 U. S. 249
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the ore." The court refused so to rule, and the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the trial, the court, against the objection of the plaintiff, admitted evidence tending to show that the iron ores of the United States, which resembled, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ore involved in this suit, were dealt in in this country without an allowance for moisture. The court, in ruling in favor of the admission of such evidence, stated that the purpose of the testimony was to show whether it was true, as was said by some of the witnesses, that the signification of "iron ore," when applied to the description of ore in question, meant the dry ore, because, as the court said, if it were shown that in dealing in precisely the same character of ore mined in the United States, there was no such limitation of the meaning, and no such dealing, that bore directly on the weight and credibility of the testimony given by the plaintiff for the purpose of making an exception in favor of the particular description of ore in question; that it was a legitimate argument that if the designation or signification of the term "iron ore," when applied to such description of soft ore mined in the United States, included the water, it would be unreasonable to believe that the designation of "iron ore," when applied to precisely the same kind of iron ore, meant the dry ore, without the water, simply because it came from across the sea, and that, although it was not direct testimony as to the iron ore in question, it was testimony in respect to iron ore precisely like it. The plaintiff excepted to the admission of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, charged the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "The term 'iron ore,' as defined by lexicographers and used and understood in commerce generally, includes the water as well as other foreign substances held in combination with iron, whether the combination be chemical or physical. It follows, therefore, that the duty imposed and complained of here was properly imposed unless a distinction is to be drawn between this ore and iron ore generally."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff excepted to that part of the charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="250">
 Page 145 U. S. 250
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "If iron ore as imported into the United States, in generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present, and not chemically united with the constituents of the ore, should be removed, and the usual mode to remove such moisture, to ascertain this basis and determine the true ore, is by drying at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, that course should be adopted to determine what is dutiable iron ore under the tariff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and remarked that there was no evidence to warrant a finding that the iron ore in question "is generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present should be removed," except where that basis was stipulated for by special contract, and that such transactions (founded on contract) were unimportant, standing alone, in the consideration of the case. To such ruling of the court the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff also requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "If, upon the whole evidence, you are in doubt whether the iron ore of commerce is iron ore free from water, not chemically combined with it, it is your duty to give the importer, the plaintiff in this case, the benefit of the doubt, and your verdict should be for the plaintiff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and stated that the question must be decided according to the weight of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the charge given, the court submitted to the jury the question as to what the term "iron ore" was understood to mean commercially, and on this subject the court said to the jury:
 </p>
<p>
 "In the enactment of tariff statutes, Congress must be understood, when employing terms to describe articles of commerce, to employ them in the sense in which they are commercially understood and employed by persons dealing in such articles and familiar with the subject -- in other words, as they are understood and employed in the commerce to which they relate. If, therefore, the plaintiff has proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the imported ore here in question, signifies to those dealing in it, and familiar with the subject, dry ore only -- that is, ore from which the water has been extracted -- this signification must be given to the term as applied to this ore. To warrant this construction, however,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="251">
 Page 145 U. S. 251
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the evidence must satisfy you that the term has this signification generally -- that is, habitually, commonly -- in the commerce respecting this ore, so as to be obligatory upon parties dealing in the ore, without special contract on the subject. Does the evidence satisfy you that it has? Looking at the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone, in the first instance, is the existence of this signification, under the circumstances stated, proved? His witnesses, when first examined, went little further than to say that in buying and selling and dealing generally in this ore, parties act upon the understanding that the ore is dry -- in other words, that the water is excluded from the weight. They further say, however, that special contracts are entered into respecting it, generally if not always, whereby the rights of purchasers to have the water so excluded is secured. If the case had rested here, as it did when the plaintiff first closed his testimony and the defendant moved for a nonsuit, the court would, as it intimated, have held that the evidence was insufficient to justify a finding in the plaintiff's favor. The evidence seemed to show no more than a course or custom of dealing by express contract respecting the ore, which, standing alone, should have no influence in ascertaining the signification of the term in question as applied to it. Subsequently the plaintiff called these witnesses back and inquired of them: "What is the term
 <em>
 iron ore' understood to mean commercially among importers and dealers in imported ore?" In other words, what is the iron ore of commerce -- imported ore? And the witnesses answered substantially that it is understood to be ore without the water -- dry ore. The witnesses repeat their former testimony respecting the custom or habit of dealing in the ore, that parties proceed upon the understanding that the water is to be excluded, and that their contracts contain a stipulation securing its exclusion. There were three or four witnesses, very intelligent men, called back, who thus testified respecting the signification of the term as applied to this ore. This testimony, in terms at least, seemed to have a broader scope than that previously heard, and to warrant a submission of the question to you. In considering it, however, you must bear in mind
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="252">
 Page 145 U. S. 252
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 what these witnesses said when first examined as well as subsequently, and inquire whether their testimony, thus take altogether, shows more than a course or custom of dealing in which parties habitually contract, by special provision, for the exclusion of water from dry ore. If it shows no more than this, it is of no value. To sustain the plaintiff's case, the testimony must show, as before stated, that the term "iron ore," as applied to the ore in question, signifies, to persons familiar with the commerce respecting it, dry ore only; that this is the common, well known, and recognized signification of the term when so applied, upon which signification parties buying and selling or otherwise dealing in the ore have a clear right to depend without any contract or "
 </p>
<p>
 brk:
 </p>
<p>
 stipulation respecting it. Does the plaintiff's testimony, even when considered alone, show that the term, so applied, has this signification? In determining this, it is important to remember that parties dealing in the ore, according to the plaintiff's testimony, do not seem to rely alone upon the existence of this signification in dealing, but resort to contract for excluding the water. Neither you nor the court can overlook the fact that this manner of dealing by special contract seems to be inconsistent with the alleged existence of a common, well understood signification of the term "iron ore," such as is here set up. I have thus called your attention to the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone. It is not to be decided, however, without considering as well the testimony produced by the defendant. The government has called several witnesses -- a larger number than were called by the plaintiff, and equally intelligent, apparently -- who say in substance that they are familiar with the ore in question, several of them being dealers in it, and that the signification of the term "iron ore," as applied to it, includes the water, as well as everything else contained in the mass, just as the term does when applied to any other description of iron ore; that there is no such commodity known to commerce as dry iron ore; that while the soft foreign ore is sometimes bought with the water excluded, it is also bought without respect to the water, as all other iron ore is bought, and that when it is so bought with the water excluded,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="253">
 Page 145 U. S. 253
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 this is always specially provided by the term "ores," as when applied to hard and all other descriptions of ore. Now you must determine from all the evidence in the case whether it is proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the description of imported ore here involved, has the limited signification attributed to it by the plaintiff -- that is, that it signifies dry ore, ore with the water excluded. If you find it has this signification generally, commonly, when so applied, your verdict will be for the plaintiff for the amounts claimed; otherwise, your verdict will be for the defendant.
 </p>
<p>
 There was no other exception by the plaintiff to any part of the charge than the exception above specifically mentioned.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="255">
 Page 145 U. S. 255
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence on the part of the plaintiff tended to show that the quantity of water mechanically present, and not chemically combined, in iron ores like those in question was variable and accidental, and varied in ores which came from the same mine, the chemical ingredients of which remained practically constant accordingly as the ore had been subjected to rain or to exposure to the elements; that the amount of water thus mechanically present would vary from a few hundredths of 1 percent up to 12, 16, and 25 percent; that such variation was due to the mechanical absorption of water; that practically all the moisture mechanically present would dry out in the sun; and that the ore, as it came from the mines in dry weather, was as dry as dust.
 </p>
<p>
 The question involved was whether the duty of 75 cents
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="256">
 Page 145 U. S. 256
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 per ton should be imposed on the government weight of the article, according to the finding and record of the weighing officers or whether such official weight should be reduced by an allowance sufficient to render the iron ore no greater in weight than its weight if raised, under conditions favorable to evaporation, to a heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The burden of making out a claim to the recovery of this difference rests upon the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 The history of the question in the Treasury Department is as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 On September 8, 1879, Assistant Secretary French, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, refused to make an allowance for the increase of weight from moisture in certain imported iron ore, holding that the duty accrued on the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return.
 </p>
<p>
 In a letter of May 17, 1886, by Acting Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Philadelphia, the same ruling was made, and it was held that under the regulations of the department and its decisions, no allowance could be made for the absorption of moisture or sea water on the voyage of importation unless upon an application filed with the collector of customs within ten days after the landing of the goods and an ascertainment and report by the appraiser of the percentage of damage or increased weight.
 </p>
<p>
 In September, 1886, an importer of iron ore contended that the duty of 75 cents per ton imposed by the Act of March 3, 1883, upon iron ore meant ore dry at the temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The Treasury Department submitted the question to the Attorney General, and Acting Attorney General Jenks, in a letter to the Secretary, dated September 17, 1886, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 466, held that the duty was to be levied on whatever was the known commercial signification of "iron ore," and that if iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit was the standard adopted in commercial transactions of iron ore, and was what was known in commerce as "iron ore," it was the ore contemplated by the statute, and the duty should be levied on that basis, citing
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="257">
 Page 145 U. S. 257
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 404, and
 <em>
 Drew v. Grinnell,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84978/drew-vs-grinnell">
 115 U. S. 477
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 Assistant Secretary Fairchild, on October 29, 1886, transmitted to the collector of customs at New York a copy of the ruling of Acting Attorney General Jenks of September 17, 1886, and stated that the department had made careful inquiry as to the custom of trade in buying and selling imported iron ore; that the great weight of evidence was to the effect that the iron ore of commerce was iron ore free from water not chemically combined; that it was the custom to expel water which was only mechanically present before proceeding to ascertain the amount of ore which was bought and sold; that to do this, the ore was heated to 212Ą Fahrenheit; that the rule "is hereby established" that for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of duty to be paid upon importations of iron ore, the weight of the ore when heated to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit should be first found, and upon that weight duty should be collected, and that entries of prior importations might be reliquidated and duties refunded in accordance with that rule in cases where the importers had fully complied with the provisions of § 2931 of the Revised Statutes as to protest, appeal, and suit.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 5th of November, 1886, Assistant Secretary Fairchild telegraphed to the collector of customs at Baltimore to suspend until further orders all reliquidations of entries on account of allowance for moisture on importations of iron ore, under the department's decision of October 29, 1886.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 12th of January, 1887, the Treasury Department submitted to the Attorney General substantially the whole question whether the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit or iron ore as it was delivered at the port of entry for weighing. In reply, Attorney General Garland, in a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, dated January 19, 1887, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 530, referred to the letter of Acting Attorney General Jenks, of September 17, 1886, and, in speaking of the rule that the iron ore of the statute was to be interpreted as the iron ore of commerce, cited the cases of
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="258">
 Page 145 U. S. 258
 </a>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </em>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar#410">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 410, and
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout">
 Elliott v. Swartwout,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 10 Pet. 137,
 <span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout#151">
 35 U. S. 151
 </a>
</span>
 , and said that "commerce," as used in that connection, was to be understood in its comprehensive sense of buying and selling an exchange in the general sales or traffic of our own markets; that special contracts in which the term "iron ore" was defined by special description or qualifying words would be no evidence of the general commercial signification of the term; that if the departmental practice and interpretation as to the collection of customs on iron ore had been of longstanding and uniform prior to 1883, it was to be presumed that if such interpretation had been false and vicious, Congress would have guarded against a like interpretation of the act of 1883; that as that act had not repudiated any prior interpretation, the presumption was very strong that Congress, in enacting the Act of March 3, 1883, had understood the iron ore of commerce to be what the practice of the department had established, and that if the decision before referred to, of September 8, 1879, that the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return, without allowance for increase of weight, from moisture, of the iron ore imported, was subject to duty, was in accordance with the practice of the department prior to September 8, 1879, and was adhered to afterwards as the rule, it would be a pregnant fact to guide to the same conclusion.
 </p>
<p>
 On February 3, 1887, Secretary Manning, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, stated that, since the letter of Assistant Secretary Fairchild of October 29, 1886, and the suspension announced by Assistant Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Baltimore by the telegram of November 5, 1886, the Secretary had duly considered a large amount of new testimony, both for and against the proposition laid down in such letter of October 29, 1886, that the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore when dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and had received the opinion of Attorney General Garland, of January 19, 1887; that, in the light of such new testimony, and of the opinion of the Attorney General, the Secretary decided that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="259">
 Page 145 U. S. 259
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 iron ore, as known to the commerce of the United States, was the ore in its natural state in respect to moisture, and that the instructions of October 29, 1886, were therefore revoked, and the collector was directed to assess duty on the actual weights as reported by the United States weigher at the time of importation, but that in the case of importations of iron ore which importers might claim had been increased in weight on the voyage by the addition of sea water, the regulations of the department applied, and importers, on making due application thereunder, might obtain such allowance as might be estimated and reported by the United States appraiser.
 </p>
<p>
 No statute of the United States in force when the importations in question were made recognized any deduction from the weight of iron ore when imported because of its containing moisture. The ore was weighed by the government's officers at the ship's side, and the weight so taken was entered in a book and became a public record of the government weight of the importation. No statute authorized a deduction from such government weight in imposing the duty of 75 cents a ton on the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appeared by the evidence that dried ore was an article unknown to commerce or trade, and the evidence was clear that the allowance between dealers for the moisture that would be expelled by heating the ore to 212Ą Fahrenheit had been based on contract and stipulation, and that no custom existed authorizing such allowance even among dealers except where the express conditions of the contract authorized such an allowance. But this whole question, in connection with the fact that the evidence showed that no such custom as an allowance for moisture was ever applied to a purchase or sale of American iron ore, even by a stipulation in a contract, and that some foreign ores were always sold by the ton and without allowance, was submitted to and passed upon by the jury under a proper charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence shows that water, mechanically mixed, is one of the natural and constant constituents of the iron ore of commerce, both domestic and foreign, and that there is no warrant for the conclusion that the iron ore of the statute is
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="260">
 Page 145 U. S. 260
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 limited to dry ore or ore with such mechanically mixed water excluded. A verdict to the contrary would have been entirely unsupported by the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The claim of the plaintiff is really for an allowance by the government upon the government weight of the article imported, in the condition in which the plaintiff imported it, with a view to making it a different article from what it was when the importer presented it to the weigher. By § 2890 of the Revised Statutes, the weigher is to make a return of the articles weighed by him out of a vessel within three days after the vessel is discharged, and such return is to be made in a book prepared by the weigher for that purpose and kept in the custom house. Under the statute, the weight so ascertained and recorded becomes the government weight of iron ore for the purpose of imposing thereon the duty of 75 cents a ton, in the absence of a contrary provision in the statute. Any allowance between dealers is shown to have been based upon an agreement previously made to allow for moisture.
 </p>
<p>
 The importer had the right to introduce iron ore only on complying with the statute, and that authorizes the entry only upon payment of a duty of 75 cents per ton upon the article brought in, and the ton is 2,240 pounds, by § 2951 of the Revised Statutes. It is a necessity that all ore should have some moisture mechanically mixed with it, and the statute is silent as to the moisture mechanically mixed or chemically combined with the iron ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appears that no alleged custom of dealers controls a carrier as to the payment of freight for the transportation of the imported iron ore, but the charge for transportation is by the actual weight, including the water.
 </p>
<p>
 The provision of § 2927 of the Revised Statutes, as carried out by the regulations of the Treasury Department, protects the importer from losses by reason of water if he employs the methods prescribed for such protection. Such methods exclude the nonstatutory method sought to be applied in the present case.
 </p>
<p>
 The duty of 75 cents per ton on iron ore, containing such quantity of water as it may contain, applies equally to the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="261">
 Page 145 U. S. 261
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 duty per ton imposed by the act of 1883 on imported hay, as to which no method is provided by statute for an allowance for the moisture contained in it except as provided in regard to imports damaged by water. In each case, the duty is imposed on the weight of the article brought in. The principle is different from that in regard to dirt clinging to the skin of a potato, or clay, sand, and gravel mixed with flaxseed. In those cases, the dirt, clay, sand, and gravel are plainly discoverable and readily eliminated, and do not inhere in the article as moisture does in iron ore or in hay.
 </p>
<p>
 Reference is made by the counsel for the plaintiff in error to the provision of Schedule C of the Act of October 1, 1890, c. 1244, 26 Stat. 567, 574, paragraph 133, which imposes a duty of 75 cents per ton on "iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites," and which further provide
 </p>
<p>
 "that in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore, no deduction shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined therewith."
 </p>
<p>
 It is contended that this provision of the Tariff Act of 1890 is a legislative interpretation which shows that Congress did not consider the term "iron ore," when used alone, as in the act of 1883, broad enough to embrace water held in mechanical combination; that this is a recognition by Congress that the term in the act of 1883 did not include water mechanically or physically present in the iron ore, and that under that act an allowance ought properly to be made in ascertaining the dutiable weight at the custom house, from the fact of the provision in the act of 1890 that such allowance should not be made thereafter.
 </p>
<p>
 But it is manifest from the history of the importation of the article, as shown in the proceedings of the Treasury Department in regard to it above set forth, that the provision of the act of 1890 was inserted to save further trouble as to the question. The rule claimed by the plaintiff to be applicable would exclude from the government weight water chemically combined as well as that physically mixed with the iron ore, for the proviso, being that no deduction shall be
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="262">
 Page 145 U. S. 262
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 made from the weight on account of moisture "chemically or physically" combined with the ore, if regarded as evidence that the act of 1883 allowed for moisture physically or mechanically combined, would also show that the act of 1883 allowed for water chemically combined. No statute in regard to iron ore ever permitted an allowance for the water chemically combined with it, and the act of 1883 must have the same construction in regard to all moisture, however mixed or combined with the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The rule is invoked by the plaintiff in error which is set forth in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , that if the question in regard to a rate of duty is one of doubt, the doubt is to be resolved in favor of the importer, as duties are never imposed upon the citizen on vague or doubtful interpretations. In the present case, the imposition of the duty is distinct and clear, and there is no doubtful interpretation, and the rule does not apply, for the reason that the importer seeks to obtain an allowance in reduction of a duty which is distinctly imposed.
 </p>
<p>
 It is stated in the brief for the plaintiff in error that as the circuit court ruled that the ordinary definition of the term "iron ore" included water mechanically present, the burden was on the plaintiff to satisfy the jury that the interpretation given to the term among commercial men did not include such water; that the plaintiff was to fail or prevail as the jury interpreted the meaning of the term in commerce to be the mass inclusive or exclusive of the water, and that if, on the whole evidence, the jury were in doubt as to what was the proper interpretation, that doubt should have been resolved in favor of the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 But, the burden of proof being on the plaintiff to prove the interpretation he contends for to be the true one, he could not be entitled to a verdict so long as he failed to satisfy the jury, by a preponderance of evidence, that his interpretation was the correct one. The question of doubt referred to in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , is a doubt of a very different character, and is as to whether, as matter of legal construction and not as matter of fact, the article is within the terms of the statute. The intention of Congress
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="263">
 Page 145 U. S. 263
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 to impose a duty of 75 cents a ton on the weight of iron ore is expressed in clear and unambiguous language.
 <em>
 American Net & Twine Co. v. Worthington,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington">
 141 U. S. 468
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington#474">
 141 U. S. 474
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence put in on the part of the defendant and objected to by the plaintiff, that the iron ores of the United States which resemble, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ores in question were dealt in in the United States without an allowance for moisture was justified by the evidence which has been put in on the part of the plaintiff, and the explanation made by the court, as before set forth, that the testimony was received as bearing directly upon the weight and credibility of the testimony on the part of the plaintiff, was sound. The evidence, too, was proper under the claim of custom set up by the plaintiff.
 </p>
<p>
 We see no ground for a reversal of the judgment, and it is
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Affirmed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
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 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader - 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader, 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 348
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued April 29, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided May 16, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 145 U.S. 247
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Under schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, iron ore was charged with a duty of 75 cents per ton, and that duty was assessable on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher, and not on the ore after the moisture was dried out of it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action brought in January, 1888, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, by John W. S. Earnshaw against John Cadwalader, Collector of Customs for the District of Philadelphia, to recover $71.61, as an alleged excess of duties exacted by the collector on three importations of iron ore, made in February and April, 1887, by the plaintiff, into the port of Philadelphia, from Porman, Spain. The case was tried before a jury in October, 1888, who rendered a verdict for the defendant, and he had a judgment, to review which the plaintiff has brought a writ of error.
 </p>
<p>
 The iron ore was dutiable under Schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, under the provision imposing a duty as follows: "Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton." The plaintiff seasonably paid, protested, appealed, and brought suit. The form of his protest as to each of the three importations was the same. The collector imposed a duty of 75 cents per ton on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher. The protest stated that the importer claimed that the collector erred in exacting duty on the full weight reported by the weigher, and that the importer paid the same under protest,
 </p>
<p>
 "because the importation is dutiable as merchandise which is described as 'iron ore' in Act of
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="248">
 Page 145 U. S. 248
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 March 3, 1883, c. 121, sec. 6, Schedule C, and 'iron ore' was and is understood among dealers in and consumers of such iron ore in this country to refer, and did refer, to iron ore in the condition of dryness in which it is sold in trade, which condition of dryness is usually ascertained in trade by subjecting the iron ore to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit; but you have levied the rate of seventy-five cents per ton on my importation when mixed with, and the weight increased by, a considerable percent of water, thereby making me pay, in violation of law, that rate of duty on water; because the iron ore of commerce, to which the said tariff law applies, is iron ore in a dry state --
 <em>
 i.e.,
 </em>
 free from water not chemically combined -- and because, although the method of ascertaining the amount of such mechanically mixed moisture is well known, easily applied, and actually used between buyers and sellers of such ores in this country, you have refused to ascertain the true taxable weight of the iron ore of this entry in this or any other way, or make any allowance for such mechanically and accidentally combined moisture, in ascertaining the weight."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to show that samples representative of the whole mass were taken by three different samplers on the arrival of the different cargoes, which samples were delivered to two chemists in the same condition as taken, in order that the amount of moisture mechanically present, and the amount of metallic iron, might be ascertained. The plaintiff then introduced evidence tending to show that the cargoes of iron ore so imported contained water mechanically present, and not chemically combined with the ore, and claimed that such water was not subject to duty as "iron ore." Evidence was given as to the quantity of such water, and there was no dispute as to the propriety of the method of ascertaining it, which was to dry the samples at the heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and thus expel the water or moisture mechanically present, without having any effect on the chemical ingredients of the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff asked the court to rule that "the term
 <em>
 iron ore,' in its ordinary meaning, does not include water which is mechanically present, and not chemically combined with
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="249">
 Page 145 U. S. 249
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the ore." The court refused so to rule, and the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the trial, the court, against the objection of the plaintiff, admitted evidence tending to show that the iron ores of the United States, which resembled, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ore involved in this suit, were dealt in in this country without an allowance for moisture. The court, in ruling in favor of the admission of such evidence, stated that the purpose of the testimony was to show whether it was true, as was said by some of the witnesses, that the signification of "iron ore," when applied to the description of ore in question, meant the dry ore, because, as the court said, if it were shown that in dealing in precisely the same character of ore mined in the United States, there was no such limitation of the meaning, and no such dealing, that bore directly on the weight and credibility of the testimony given by the plaintiff for the purpose of making an exception in favor of the particular description of ore in question; that it was a legitimate argument that if the designation or signification of the term "iron ore," when applied to such description of soft ore mined in the United States, included the water, it would be unreasonable to believe that the designation of "iron ore," when applied to precisely the same kind of iron ore, meant the dry ore, without the water, simply because it came from across the sea, and that, although it was not direct testimony as to the iron ore in question, it was testimony in respect to iron ore precisely like it. The plaintiff excepted to the admission of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, charged the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "The term 'iron ore,' as defined by lexicographers and used and understood in commerce generally, includes the water as well as other foreign substances held in combination with iron, whether the combination be chemical or physical. It follows, therefore, that the duty imposed and complained of here was properly imposed unless a distinction is to be drawn between this ore and iron ore generally."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff excepted to that part of the charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="250">
 Page 145 U. S. 250
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "If iron ore as imported into the United States, in generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present, and not chemically united with the constituents of the ore, should be removed, and the usual mode to remove such moisture, to ascertain this basis and determine the true ore, is by drying at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, that course should be adopted to determine what is dutiable iron ore under the tariff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and remarked that there was no evidence to warrant a finding that the iron ore in question "is generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present should be removed," except where that basis was stipulated for by special contract, and that such transactions (founded on contract) were unimportant, standing alone, in the consideration of the case. To such ruling of the court the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff also requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "If, upon the whole evidence, you are in doubt whether the iron ore of commerce is iron ore free from water, not chemically combined with it, it is your duty to give the importer, the plaintiff in this case, the benefit of the doubt, and your verdict should be for the plaintiff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and stated that the question must be decided according to the weight of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the charge given, the court submitted to the jury the question as to what the term "iron ore" was understood to mean commercially, and on this subject the court said to the jury:
 </p>
<p>
 "In the enactment of tariff statutes, Congress must be understood, when employing terms to describe articles of commerce, to employ them in the sense in which they are commercially understood and employed by persons dealing in such articles and familiar with the subject -- in other words, as they are understood and employed in the commerce to which they relate. If, therefore, the plaintiff has proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the imported ore here in question, signifies to those dealing in it, and familiar with the subject, dry ore only -- that is, ore from which the water has been extracted -- this signification must be given to the term as applied to this ore. To warrant this construction, however,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="251">
 Page 145 U. S. 251
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the evidence must satisfy you that the term has this signification generally -- that is, habitually, commonly -- in the commerce respecting this ore, so as to be obligatory upon parties dealing in the ore, without special contract on the subject. Does the evidence satisfy you that it has? Looking at the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone, in the first instance, is the existence of this signification, under the circumstances stated, proved? His witnesses, when first examined, went little further than to say that in buying and selling and dealing generally in this ore, parties act upon the understanding that the ore is dry -- in other words, that the water is excluded from the weight. They further say, however, that special contracts are entered into respecting it, generally if not always, whereby the rights of purchasers to have the water so excluded is secured. If the case had rested here, as it did when the plaintiff first closed his testimony and the defendant moved for a nonsuit, the court would, as it intimated, have held that the evidence was insufficient to justify a finding in the plaintiff's favor. The evidence seemed to show no more than a course or custom of dealing by express contract respecting the ore, which, standing alone, should have no influence in ascertaining the signification of the term in question as applied to it. Subsequently the plaintiff called these witnesses back and inquired of them: "What is the term
 <em>
 iron ore' understood to mean commercially among importers and dealers in imported ore?" In other words, what is the iron ore of commerce -- imported ore? And the witnesses answered substantially that it is understood to be ore without the water -- dry ore. The witnesses repeat their former testimony respecting the custom or habit of dealing in the ore, that parties proceed upon the understanding that the water is to be excluded, and that their contracts contain a stipulation securing its exclusion. There were three or four witnesses, very intelligent men, called back, who thus testified respecting the signification of the term as applied to this ore. This testimony, in terms at least, seemed to have a broader scope than that previously heard, and to warrant a submission of the question to you. In considering it, however, you must bear in mind
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="252">
 Page 145 U. S. 252
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 what these witnesses said when first examined as well as subsequently, and inquire whether their testimony, thus take altogether, shows more than a course or custom of dealing in which parties habitually contract, by special provision, for the exclusion of water from dry ore. If it shows no more than this, it is of no value. To sustain the plaintiff's case, the testimony must show, as before stated, that the term "iron ore," as applied to the ore in question, signifies, to persons familiar with the commerce respecting it, dry ore only; that this is the common, well known, and recognized signification of the term when so applied, upon which signification parties buying and selling or otherwise dealing in the ore have a clear right to depend without any contract or "
 </p>
<p>
 brk:
 </p>
<p>
 stipulation respecting it. Does the plaintiff's testimony, even when considered alone, show that the term, so applied, has this signification? In determining this, it is important to remember that parties dealing in the ore, according to the plaintiff's testimony, do not seem to rely alone upon the existence of this signification in dealing, but resort to contract for excluding the water. Neither you nor the court can overlook the fact that this manner of dealing by special contract seems to be inconsistent with the alleged existence of a common, well understood signification of the term "iron ore," such as is here set up. I have thus called your attention to the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone. It is not to be decided, however, without considering as well the testimony produced by the defendant. The government has called several witnesses -- a larger number than were called by the plaintiff, and equally intelligent, apparently -- who say in substance that they are familiar with the ore in question, several of them being dealers in it, and that the signification of the term "iron ore," as applied to it, includes the water, as well as everything else contained in the mass, just as the term does when applied to any other description of iron ore; that there is no such commodity known to commerce as dry iron ore; that while the soft foreign ore is sometimes bought with the water excluded, it is also bought without respect to the water, as all other iron ore is bought, and that when it is so bought with the water excluded,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="253">
 Page 145 U. S. 253
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 this is always specially provided by the term "ores," as when applied to hard and all other descriptions of ore. Now you must determine from all the evidence in the case whether it is proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the description of imported ore here involved, has the limited signification attributed to it by the plaintiff -- that is, that it signifies dry ore, ore with the water excluded. If you find it has this signification generally, commonly, when so applied, your verdict will be for the plaintiff for the amounts claimed; otherwise, your verdict will be for the defendant.
 </p>
<p>
 There was no other exception by the plaintiff to any part of the charge than the exception above specifically mentioned.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="255">
 Page 145 U. S. 255
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence on the part of the plaintiff tended to show that the quantity of water mechanically present, and not chemically combined, in iron ores like those in question was variable and accidental, and varied in ores which came from the same mine, the chemical ingredients of which remained practically constant accordingly as the ore had been subjected to rain or to exposure to the elements; that the amount of water thus mechanically present would vary from a few hundredths of 1 percent up to 12, 16, and 25 percent; that such variation was due to the mechanical absorption of water; that practically all the moisture mechanically present would dry out in the sun; and that the ore, as it came from the mines in dry weather, was as dry as dust.
 </p>
<p>
 The question involved was whether the duty of 75 cents
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="256">
 Page 145 U. S. 256
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 per ton should be imposed on the government weight of the article, according to the finding and record of the weighing officers or whether such official weight should be reduced by an allowance sufficient to render the iron ore no greater in weight than its weight if raised, under conditions favorable to evaporation, to a heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The burden of making out a claim to the recovery of this difference rests upon the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 The history of the question in the Treasury Department is as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 On September 8, 1879, Assistant Secretary French, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, refused to make an allowance for the increase of weight from moisture in certain imported iron ore, holding that the duty accrued on the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return.
 </p>
<p>
 In a letter of May 17, 1886, by Acting Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Philadelphia, the same ruling was made, and it was held that under the regulations of the department and its decisions, no allowance could be made for the absorption of moisture or sea water on the voyage of importation unless upon an application filed with the collector of customs within ten days after the landing of the goods and an ascertainment and report by the appraiser of the percentage of damage or increased weight.
 </p>
<p>
 In September, 1886, an importer of iron ore contended that the duty of 75 cents per ton imposed by the Act of March 3, 1883, upon iron ore meant ore dry at the temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The Treasury Department submitted the question to the Attorney General, and Acting Attorney General Jenks, in a letter to the Secretary, dated September 17, 1886, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 466, held that the duty was to be levied on whatever was the known commercial signification of "iron ore," and that if iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit was the standard adopted in commercial transactions of iron ore, and was what was known in commerce as "iron ore," it was the ore contemplated by the statute, and the duty should be levied on that basis, citing
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="257">
 Page 145 U. S. 257
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 404, and
 <em>
 Drew v. Grinnell,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84978/drew-vs-grinnell">
 115 U. S. 477
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 Assistant Secretary Fairchild, on October 29, 1886, transmitted to the collector of customs at New York a copy of the ruling of Acting Attorney General Jenks of September 17, 1886, and stated that the department had made careful inquiry as to the custom of trade in buying and selling imported iron ore; that the great weight of evidence was to the effect that the iron ore of commerce was iron ore free from water not chemically combined; that it was the custom to expel water which was only mechanically present before proceeding to ascertain the amount of ore which was bought and sold; that to do this, the ore was heated to 212Ą Fahrenheit; that the rule "is hereby established" that for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of duty to be paid upon importations of iron ore, the weight of the ore when heated to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit should be first found, and upon that weight duty should be collected, and that entries of prior importations might be reliquidated and duties refunded in accordance with that rule in cases where the importers had fully complied with the provisions of § 2931 of the Revised Statutes as to protest, appeal, and suit.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 5th of November, 1886, Assistant Secretary Fairchild telegraphed to the collector of customs at Baltimore to suspend until further orders all reliquidations of entries on account of allowance for moisture on importations of iron ore, under the department's decision of October 29, 1886.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 12th of January, 1887, the Treasury Department submitted to the Attorney General substantially the whole question whether the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit or iron ore as it was delivered at the port of entry for weighing. In reply, Attorney General Garland, in a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, dated January 19, 1887, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 530, referred to the letter of Acting Attorney General Jenks, of September 17, 1886, and, in speaking of the rule that the iron ore of the statute was to be interpreted as the iron ore of commerce, cited the cases of
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="258">
 Page 145 U. S. 258
 </a>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </em>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar#410">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 410, and
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout">
 Elliott v. Swartwout,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 10 Pet. 137,
 <span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout#151">
 35 U. S. 151
 </a>
</span>
 , and said that "commerce," as used in that connection, was to be understood in its comprehensive sense of buying and selling an exchange in the general sales or traffic of our own markets; that special contracts in which the term "iron ore" was defined by special description or qualifying words would be no evidence of the general commercial signification of the term; that if the departmental practice and interpretation as to the collection of customs on iron ore had been of longstanding and uniform prior to 1883, it was to be presumed that if such interpretation had been false and vicious, Congress would have guarded against a like interpretation of the act of 1883; that as that act had not repudiated any prior interpretation, the presumption was very strong that Congress, in enacting the Act of March 3, 1883, had understood the iron ore of commerce to be what the practice of the department had established, and that if the decision before referred to, of September 8, 1879, that the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return, without allowance for increase of weight, from moisture, of the iron ore imported, was subject to duty, was in accordance with the practice of the department prior to September 8, 1879, and was adhered to afterwards as the rule, it would be a pregnant fact to guide to the same conclusion.
 </p>
<p>
 On February 3, 1887, Secretary Manning, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, stated that, since the letter of Assistant Secretary Fairchild of October 29, 1886, and the suspension announced by Assistant Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Baltimore by the telegram of November 5, 1886, the Secretary had duly considered a large amount of new testimony, both for and against the proposition laid down in such letter of October 29, 1886, that the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore when dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and had received the opinion of Attorney General Garland, of January 19, 1887; that, in the light of such new testimony, and of the opinion of the Attorney General, the Secretary decided that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="259">
 Page 145 U. S. 259
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 iron ore, as known to the commerce of the United States, was the ore in its natural state in respect to moisture, and that the instructions of October 29, 1886, were therefore revoked, and the collector was directed to assess duty on the actual weights as reported by the United States weigher at the time of importation, but that in the case of importations of iron ore which importers might claim had been increased in weight on the voyage by the addition of sea water, the regulations of the department applied, and importers, on making due application thereunder, might obtain such allowance as might be estimated and reported by the United States appraiser.
 </p>
<p>
 No statute of the United States in force when the importations in question were made recognized any deduction from the weight of iron ore when imported because of its containing moisture. The ore was weighed by the government's officers at the ship's side, and the weight so taken was entered in a book and became a public record of the government weight of the importation. No statute authorized a deduction from such government weight in imposing the duty of 75 cents a ton on the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appeared by the evidence that dried ore was an article unknown to commerce or trade, and the evidence was clear that the allowance between dealers for the moisture that would be expelled by heating the ore to 212Ą Fahrenheit had been based on contract and stipulation, and that no custom existed authorizing such allowance even among dealers except where the express conditions of the contract authorized such an allowance. But this whole question, in connection with the fact that the evidence showed that no such custom as an allowance for moisture was ever applied to a purchase or sale of American iron ore, even by a stipulation in a contract, and that some foreign ores were always sold by the ton and without allowance, was submitted to and passed upon by the jury under a proper charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence shows that water, mechanically mixed, is one of the natural and constant constituents of the iron ore of commerce, both domestic and foreign, and that there is no warrant for the conclusion that the iron ore of the statute is
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="260">
 Page 145 U. S. 260
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 limited to dry ore or ore with such mechanically mixed water excluded. A verdict to the contrary would have been entirely unsupported by the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The claim of the plaintiff is really for an allowance by the government upon the government weight of the article imported, in the condition in which the plaintiff imported it, with a view to making it a different article from what it was when the importer presented it to the weigher. By § 2890 of the Revised Statutes, the weigher is to make a return of the articles weighed by him out of a vessel within three days after the vessel is discharged, and such return is to be made in a book prepared by the weigher for that purpose and kept in the custom house. Under the statute, the weight so ascertained and recorded becomes the government weight of iron ore for the purpose of imposing thereon the duty of 75 cents a ton, in the absence of a contrary provision in the statute. Any allowance between dealers is shown to have been based upon an agreement previously made to allow for moisture.
 </p>
<p>
 The importer had the right to introduce iron ore only on complying with the statute, and that authorizes the entry only upon payment of a duty of 75 cents per ton upon the article brought in, and the ton is 2,240 pounds, by § 2951 of the Revised Statutes. It is a necessity that all ore should have some moisture mechanically mixed with it, and the statute is silent as to the moisture mechanically mixed or chemically combined with the iron ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appears that no alleged custom of dealers controls a carrier as to the payment of freight for the transportation of the imported iron ore, but the charge for transportation is by the actual weight, including the water.
 </p>
<p>
 The provision of § 2927 of the Revised Statutes, as carried out by the regulations of the Treasury Department, protects the importer from losses by reason of water if he employs the methods prescribed for such protection. Such methods exclude the nonstatutory method sought to be applied in the present case.
 </p>
<p>
 The duty of 75 cents per ton on iron ore, containing such quantity of water as it may contain, applies equally to the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="261">
 Page 145 U. S. 261
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 duty per ton imposed by the act of 1883 on imported hay, as to which no method is provided by statute for an allowance for the moisture contained in it except as provided in regard to imports damaged by water. In each case, the duty is imposed on the weight of the article brought in. The principle is different from that in regard to dirt clinging to the skin of a potato, or clay, sand, and gravel mixed with flaxseed. In those cases, the dirt, clay, sand, and gravel are plainly discoverable and readily eliminated, and do not inhere in the article as moisture does in iron ore or in hay.
 </p>
<p>
 Reference is made by the counsel for the plaintiff in error to the provision of Schedule C of the Act of October 1, 1890, c. 1244, 26 Stat. 567, 574, paragraph 133, which imposes a duty of 75 cents per ton on "iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites," and which further provide
 </p>
<p>
 "that in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore, no deduction shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined therewith."
 </p>
<p>
 It is contended that this provision of the Tariff Act of 1890 is a legislative interpretation which shows that Congress did not consider the term "iron ore," when used alone, as in the act of 1883, broad enough to embrace water held in mechanical combination; that this is a recognition by Congress that the term in the act of 1883 did not include water mechanically or physically present in the iron ore, and that under that act an allowance ought properly to be made in ascertaining the dutiable weight at the custom house, from the fact of the provision in the act of 1890 that such allowance should not be made thereafter.
 </p>
<p>
 But it is manifest from the history of the importation of the article, as shown in the proceedings of the Treasury Department in regard to it above set forth, that the provision of the act of 1890 was inserted to save further trouble as to the question. The rule claimed by the plaintiff to be applicable would exclude from the government weight water chemically combined as well as that physically mixed with the iron ore, for the proviso, being that no deduction shall be
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="262">
 Page 145 U. S. 262
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 made from the weight on account of moisture "chemically or physically" combined with the ore, if regarded as evidence that the act of 1883 allowed for moisture physically or mechanically combined, would also show that the act of 1883 allowed for water chemically combined. No statute in regard to iron ore ever permitted an allowance for the water chemically combined with it, and the act of 1883 must have the same construction in regard to all moisture, however mixed or combined with the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The rule is invoked by the plaintiff in error which is set forth in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , that if the question in regard to a rate of duty is one of doubt, the doubt is to be resolved in favor of the importer, as duties are never imposed upon the citizen on vague or doubtful interpretations. In the present case, the imposition of the duty is distinct and clear, and there is no doubtful interpretation, and the rule does not apply, for the reason that the importer seeks to obtain an allowance in reduction of a duty which is distinctly imposed.
 </p>
<p>
 It is stated in the brief for the plaintiff in error that as the circuit court ruled that the ordinary definition of the term "iron ore" included water mechanically present, the burden was on the plaintiff to satisfy the jury that the interpretation given to the term among commercial men did not include such water; that the plaintiff was to fail or prevail as the jury interpreted the meaning of the term in commerce to be the mass inclusive or exclusive of the water, and that if, on the whole evidence, the jury were in doubt as to what was the proper interpretation, that doubt should have been resolved in favor of the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 But, the burden of proof being on the plaintiff to prove the interpretation he contends for to be the true one, he could not be entitled to a verdict so long as he failed to satisfy the jury, by a preponderance of evidence, that his interpretation was the correct one. The question of doubt referred to in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , is a doubt of a very different character, and is as to whether, as matter of legal construction and not as matter of fact, the article is within the terms of the statute. The intention of Congress
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="263">
 Page 145 U. S. 263
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 to impose a duty of 75 cents a ton on the weight of iron ore is expressed in clear and unambiguous language.
 <em>
 American Net & Twine Co. v. Worthington,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington">
 141 U. S. 468
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington#474">
 141 U. S. 474
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence put in on the part of the defendant and objected to by the plaintiff, that the iron ores of the United States which resemble, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ores in question were dealt in in the United States without an allowance for moisture was justified by the evidence which has been put in on the part of the plaintiff, and the explanation made by the court, as before set forth, that the testimony was received as bearing directly upon the weight and credibility of the testimony on the part of the plaintiff, was sound. The evidence, too, was proper under the claim of custom set up by the plaintiff.
 </p>
<p>
 We see no ground for a reversal of the judgment, and it is
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Affirmed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
<br/>
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$title_for_layout = 'Earnshaw Vs. Cadwalader Semantic Analysis'
$shops = array(
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		(int) 0 => '1 percent',
		(int) 1 => '25 percent',
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 ',
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 '
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)
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		'casename' => 'Earnshaw Vs. Cadwalader',
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		'judgement' => '<html><head></head><body><div>


 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader - 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader, 145 U.S. 247 (1892)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Earnshaw v. Cadwalader
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 348
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued April 29, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided May 16, 1892
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 145 U.S. 247
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Under schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, iron ore was charged with a duty of 75 cents per ton, and that duty was assessable on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher, and not on the ore after the moisture was dried out of it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action brought in January, 1888, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, by John W. S. Earnshaw against John Cadwalader, Collector of Customs for the District of Philadelphia, to recover $71.61, as an alleged excess of duties exacted by the collector on three importations of iron ore, made in February and April, 1887, by the plaintiff, into the port of Philadelphia, from Porman, Spain. The case was tried before a jury in October, 1888, who rendered a verdict for the defendant, and he had a judgment, to review which the plaintiff has brought a writ of error.
 </p>
<p>
 The iron ore was dutiable under Schedule C of § 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by § 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, c. 121, 22 Stat. 497, under the provision imposing a duty as follows: "Iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites, seventy-five cents per ton." The plaintiff seasonably paid, protested, appealed, and brought suit. The form of his protest as to each of the three importations was the same. The collector imposed a duty of 75 cents per ton on the number of pounds of iron ore reported by the United States weigher. The protest stated that the importer claimed that the collector erred in exacting duty on the full weight reported by the weigher, and that the importer paid the same under protest,
 </p>
<p>
 "because the importation is dutiable as merchandise which is described as 'iron ore' in Act of
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="248">
 Page 145 U. S. 248
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 March 3, 1883, c. 121, sec. 6, Schedule C, and 'iron ore' was and is understood among dealers in and consumers of such iron ore in this country to refer, and did refer, to iron ore in the condition of dryness in which it is sold in trade, which condition of dryness is usually ascertained in trade by subjecting the iron ore to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit; but you have levied the rate of seventy-five cents per ton on my importation when mixed with, and the weight increased by, a considerable percent of water, thereby making me pay, in violation of law, that rate of duty on water; because the iron ore of commerce, to which the said tariff law applies, is iron ore in a dry state --
 <em>
 i.e.,
 </em>
 free from water not chemically combined -- and because, although the method of ascertaining the amount of such mechanically mixed moisture is well known, easily applied, and actually used between buyers and sellers of such ores in this country, you have refused to ascertain the true taxable weight of the iron ore of this entry in this or any other way, or make any allowance for such mechanically and accidentally combined moisture, in ascertaining the weight."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff introduced evidence tending to show that samples representative of the whole mass were taken by three different samplers on the arrival of the different cargoes, which samples were delivered to two chemists in the same condition as taken, in order that the amount of moisture mechanically present, and the amount of metallic iron, might be ascertained. The plaintiff then introduced evidence tending to show that the cargoes of iron ore so imported contained water mechanically present, and not chemically combined with the ore, and claimed that such water was not subject to duty as "iron ore." Evidence was given as to the quantity of such water, and there was no dispute as to the propriety of the method of ascertaining it, which was to dry the samples at the heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and thus expel the water or moisture mechanically present, without having any effect on the chemical ingredients of the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff asked the court to rule that "the term
 <em>
 iron ore,' in its ordinary meaning, does not include water which is mechanically present, and not chemically combined with
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="249">
 Page 145 U. S. 249
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the ore." The court refused so to rule, and the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the trial, the court, against the objection of the plaintiff, admitted evidence tending to show that the iron ores of the United States, which resembled, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ore involved in this suit, were dealt in in this country without an allowance for moisture. The court, in ruling in favor of the admission of such evidence, stated that the purpose of the testimony was to show whether it was true, as was said by some of the witnesses, that the signification of "iron ore," when applied to the description of ore in question, meant the dry ore, because, as the court said, if it were shown that in dealing in precisely the same character of ore mined in the United States, there was no such limitation of the meaning, and no such dealing, that bore directly on the weight and credibility of the testimony given by the plaintiff for the purpose of making an exception in favor of the particular description of ore in question; that it was a legitimate argument that if the designation or signification of the term "iron ore," when applied to such description of soft ore mined in the United States, included the water, it would be unreasonable to believe that the designation of "iron ore," when applied to precisely the same kind of iron ore, meant the dry ore, without the water, simply because it came from across the sea, and that, although it was not direct testimony as to the iron ore in question, it was testimony in respect to iron ore precisely like it. The plaintiff excepted to the admission of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, charged the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "The term 'iron ore,' as defined by lexicographers and used and understood in commerce generally, includes the water as well as other foreign substances held in combination with iron, whether the combination be chemical or physical. It follows, therefore, that the duty imposed and complained of here was properly imposed unless a distinction is to be drawn between this ore and iron ore generally."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff excepted to that part of the charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="250">
 Page 145 U. S. 250
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "If iron ore as imported into the United States, in generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present, and not chemically united with the constituents of the ore, should be removed, and the usual mode to remove such moisture, to ascertain this basis and determine the true ore, is by drying at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, that course should be adopted to determine what is dutiable iron ore under the tariff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and remarked that there was no evidence to warrant a finding that the iron ore in question "is generally bought and sold on the basis that the water which is only mechanically present should be removed," except where that basis was stipulated for by special contract, and that such transactions (founded on contract) were unimportant, standing alone, in the consideration of the case. To such ruling of the court the plaintiff excepted.
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff also requested the court to charge the jury as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 "If, upon the whole evidence, you are in doubt whether the iron ore of commerce is iron ore free from water, not chemically combined with it, it is your duty to give the importer, the plaintiff in this case, the benefit of the doubt, and your verdict should be for the plaintiff."
 </p>
<p>
 The court refused so to charge, and stated that the question must be decided according to the weight of the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 In the course of the charge given, the court submitted to the jury the question as to what the term "iron ore" was understood to mean commercially, and on this subject the court said to the jury:
 </p>
<p>
 "In the enactment of tariff statutes, Congress must be understood, when employing terms to describe articles of commerce, to employ them in the sense in which they are commercially understood and employed by persons dealing in such articles and familiar with the subject -- in other words, as they are understood and employed in the commerce to which they relate. If, therefore, the plaintiff has proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the imported ore here in question, signifies to those dealing in it, and familiar with the subject, dry ore only -- that is, ore from which the water has been extracted -- this signification must be given to the term as applied to this ore. To warrant this construction, however,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="251">
 Page 145 U. S. 251
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the evidence must satisfy you that the term has this signification generally -- that is, habitually, commonly -- in the commerce respecting this ore, so as to be obligatory upon parties dealing in the ore, without special contract on the subject. Does the evidence satisfy you that it has? Looking at the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone, in the first instance, is the existence of this signification, under the circumstances stated, proved? His witnesses, when first examined, went little further than to say that in buying and selling and dealing generally in this ore, parties act upon the understanding that the ore is dry -- in other words, that the water is excluded from the weight. They further say, however, that special contracts are entered into respecting it, generally if not always, whereby the rights of purchasers to have the water so excluded is secured. If the case had rested here, as it did when the plaintiff first closed his testimony and the defendant moved for a nonsuit, the court would, as it intimated, have held that the evidence was insufficient to justify a finding in the plaintiff's favor. The evidence seemed to show no more than a course or custom of dealing by express contract respecting the ore, which, standing alone, should have no influence in ascertaining the signification of the term in question as applied to it. Subsequently the plaintiff called these witnesses back and inquired of them: "What is the term
 <em>
 iron ore' understood to mean commercially among importers and dealers in imported ore?" In other words, what is the iron ore of commerce -- imported ore? And the witnesses answered substantially that it is understood to be ore without the water -- dry ore. The witnesses repeat their former testimony respecting the custom or habit of dealing in the ore, that parties proceed upon the understanding that the water is to be excluded, and that their contracts contain a stipulation securing its exclusion. There were three or four witnesses, very intelligent men, called back, who thus testified respecting the signification of the term as applied to this ore. This testimony, in terms at least, seemed to have a broader scope than that previously heard, and to warrant a submission of the question to you. In considering it, however, you must bear in mind
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="252">
 Page 145 U. S. 252
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 what these witnesses said when first examined as well as subsequently, and inquire whether their testimony, thus take altogether, shows more than a course or custom of dealing in which parties habitually contract, by special provision, for the exclusion of water from dry ore. If it shows no more than this, it is of no value. To sustain the plaintiff's case, the testimony must show, as before stated, that the term "iron ore," as applied to the ore in question, signifies, to persons familiar with the commerce respecting it, dry ore only; that this is the common, well known, and recognized signification of the term when so applied, upon which signification parties buying and selling or otherwise dealing in the ore have a clear right to depend without any contract or "
 </p>
<p>
 brk:
 </p>
<p>
 stipulation respecting it. Does the plaintiff's testimony, even when considered alone, show that the term, so applied, has this signification? In determining this, it is important to remember that parties dealing in the ore, according to the plaintiff's testimony, do not seem to rely alone upon the existence of this signification in dealing, but resort to contract for excluding the water. Neither you nor the court can overlook the fact that this manner of dealing by special contract seems to be inconsistent with the alleged existence of a common, well understood signification of the term "iron ore," such as is here set up. I have thus called your attention to the question in the light of the plaintiff's testimony alone. It is not to be decided, however, without considering as well the testimony produced by the defendant. The government has called several witnesses -- a larger number than were called by the plaintiff, and equally intelligent, apparently -- who say in substance that they are familiar with the ore in question, several of them being dealers in it, and that the signification of the term "iron ore," as applied to it, includes the water, as well as everything else contained in the mass, just as the term does when applied to any other description of iron ore; that there is no such commodity known to commerce as dry iron ore; that while the soft foreign ore is sometimes bought with the water excluded, it is also bought without respect to the water, as all other iron ore is bought, and that when it is so bought with the water excluded,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="253">
 Page 145 U. S. 253
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 this is always specially provided by the term "ores," as when applied to hard and all other descriptions of ore. Now you must determine from all the evidence in the case whether it is proved that the term "iron ore," when applied to the description of imported ore here involved, has the limited signification attributed to it by the plaintiff -- that is, that it signifies dry ore, ore with the water excluded. If you find it has this signification generally, commonly, when so applied, your verdict will be for the plaintiff for the amounts claimed; otherwise, your verdict will be for the defendant.
 </p>
<p>
 There was no other exception by the plaintiff to any part of the charge than the exception above specifically mentioned.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="255">
 Page 145 U. S. 255
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence on the part of the plaintiff tended to show that the quantity of water mechanically present, and not chemically combined, in iron ores like those in question was variable and accidental, and varied in ores which came from the same mine, the chemical ingredients of which remained practically constant accordingly as the ore had been subjected to rain or to exposure to the elements; that the amount of water thus mechanically present would vary from a few hundredths of 1 percent up to 12, 16, and 25 percent; that such variation was due to the mechanical absorption of water; that practically all the moisture mechanically present would dry out in the sun; and that the ore, as it came from the mines in dry weather, was as dry as dust.
 </p>
<p>
 The question involved was whether the duty of 75 cents
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="256">
 Page 145 U. S. 256
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 per ton should be imposed on the government weight of the article, according to the finding and record of the weighing officers or whether such official weight should be reduced by an allowance sufficient to render the iron ore no greater in weight than its weight if raised, under conditions favorable to evaporation, to a heat of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The burden of making out a claim to the recovery of this difference rests upon the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 The history of the question in the Treasury Department is as follows:
 </p>
<p>
 On September 8, 1879, Assistant Secretary French, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, refused to make an allowance for the increase of weight from moisture in certain imported iron ore, holding that the duty accrued on the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return.
 </p>
<p>
 In a letter of May 17, 1886, by Acting Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Philadelphia, the same ruling was made, and it was held that under the regulations of the department and its decisions, no allowance could be made for the absorption of moisture or sea water on the voyage of importation unless upon an application filed with the collector of customs within ten days after the landing of the goods and an ascertainment and report by the appraiser of the percentage of damage or increased weight.
 </p>
<p>
 In September, 1886, an importer of iron ore contended that the duty of 75 cents per ton imposed by the Act of March 3, 1883, upon iron ore meant ore dry at the temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit. The Treasury Department submitted the question to the Attorney General, and Acting Attorney General Jenks, in a letter to the Secretary, dated September 17, 1886, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 466, held that the duty was to be levied on whatever was the known commercial signification of "iron ore," and that if iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit was the standard adopted in commercial transactions of iron ore, and was what was known in commerce as "iron ore," it was the ore contemplated by the statute, and the duty should be levied on that basis, citing
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="257">
 Page 145 U. S. 257
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 404, and
 <em>
 Drew v. Grinnell,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84978/drew-vs-grinnell">
 115 U. S. 477
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 Assistant Secretary Fairchild, on October 29, 1886, transmitted to the collector of customs at New York a copy of the ruling of Acting Attorney General Jenks of September 17, 1886, and stated that the department had made careful inquiry as to the custom of trade in buying and selling imported iron ore; that the great weight of evidence was to the effect that the iron ore of commerce was iron ore free from water not chemically combined; that it was the custom to expel water which was only mechanically present before proceeding to ascertain the amount of ore which was bought and sold; that to do this, the ore was heated to 212Ą Fahrenheit; that the rule "is hereby established" that for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of duty to be paid upon importations of iron ore, the weight of the ore when heated to a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit should be first found, and upon that weight duty should be collected, and that entries of prior importations might be reliquidated and duties refunded in accordance with that rule in cases where the importers had fully complied with the provisions of § 2931 of the Revised Statutes as to protest, appeal, and suit.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 5th of November, 1886, Assistant Secretary Fairchild telegraphed to the collector of customs at Baltimore to suspend until further orders all reliquidations of entries on account of allowance for moisture on importations of iron ore, under the department's decision of October 29, 1886.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 12th of January, 1887, the Treasury Department submitted to the Attorney General substantially the whole question whether the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit or iron ore as it was delivered at the port of entry for weighing. In reply, Attorney General Garland, in a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, dated January 19, 1887, 18 Op.Atty.Gen. 530, referred to the letter of Acting Attorney General Jenks, of September 17, 1886, and, in speaking of the rule that the iron ore of the statute was to be interpreted as the iron ore of commerce, cited the cases of
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/78949/two-hundred-chests-tea">
 Two
 </a>
</span>
</em>
</p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="258">
 Page 145 U. S. 258
 </a>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 Hundred Chests of Tea,
 </em>
 9 Wheat. 430;
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79404/barlow-vs-eighty-five-hogsheads-sugar#410">
 Barlow v. United States,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Pet. 410, and
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout">
 Elliott v. Swartwout,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 10 Pet. 137,
 <span>
<a href="/case/79533/elliott-vs-swartwout#151">
 35 U. S. 151
 </a>
</span>
 , and said that "commerce," as used in that connection, was to be understood in its comprehensive sense of buying and selling an exchange in the general sales or traffic of our own markets; that special contracts in which the term "iron ore" was defined by special description or qualifying words would be no evidence of the general commercial signification of the term; that if the departmental practice and interpretation as to the collection of customs on iron ore had been of longstanding and uniform prior to 1883, it was to be presumed that if such interpretation had been false and vicious, Congress would have guarded against a like interpretation of the act of 1883; that as that act had not repudiated any prior interpretation, the presumption was very strong that Congress, in enacting the Act of March 3, 1883, had understood the iron ore of commerce to be what the practice of the department had established, and that if the decision before referred to, of September 8, 1879, that the total quantity landed, as shown by the weigher's return, without allowance for increase of weight, from moisture, of the iron ore imported, was subject to duty, was in accordance with the practice of the department prior to September 8, 1879, and was adhered to afterwards as the rule, it would be a pregnant fact to guide to the same conclusion.
 </p>
<p>
 On February 3, 1887, Secretary Manning, in a letter to the collector of customs at New York, stated that, since the letter of Assistant Secretary Fairchild of October 29, 1886, and the suspension announced by Assistant Secretary Fairchild to the collector of customs at Baltimore by the telegram of November 5, 1886, the Secretary had duly considered a large amount of new testimony, both for and against the proposition laid down in such letter of October 29, 1886, that the term "iron ore," as used in the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, meant iron ore when dried at a temperature of 212Ą Fahrenheit, and had received the opinion of Attorney General Garland, of January 19, 1887; that, in the light of such new testimony, and of the opinion of the Attorney General, the Secretary decided that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="259">
 Page 145 U. S. 259
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 iron ore, as known to the commerce of the United States, was the ore in its natural state in respect to moisture, and that the instructions of October 29, 1886, were therefore revoked, and the collector was directed to assess duty on the actual weights as reported by the United States weigher at the time of importation, but that in the case of importations of iron ore which importers might claim had been increased in weight on the voyage by the addition of sea water, the regulations of the department applied, and importers, on making due application thereunder, might obtain such allowance as might be estimated and reported by the United States appraiser.
 </p>
<p>
 No statute of the United States in force when the importations in question were made recognized any deduction from the weight of iron ore when imported because of its containing moisture. The ore was weighed by the government's officers at the ship's side, and the weight so taken was entered in a book and became a public record of the government weight of the importation. No statute authorized a deduction from such government weight in imposing the duty of 75 cents a ton on the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appeared by the evidence that dried ore was an article unknown to commerce or trade, and the evidence was clear that the allowance between dealers for the moisture that would be expelled by heating the ore to 212Ą Fahrenheit had been based on contract and stipulation, and that no custom existed authorizing such allowance even among dealers except where the express conditions of the contract authorized such an allowance. But this whole question, in connection with the fact that the evidence showed that no such custom as an allowance for moisture was ever applied to a purchase or sale of American iron ore, even by a stipulation in a contract, and that some foreign ores were always sold by the ton and without allowance, was submitted to and passed upon by the jury under a proper charge.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence shows that water, mechanically mixed, is one of the natural and constant constituents of the iron ore of commerce, both domestic and foreign, and that there is no warrant for the conclusion that the iron ore of the statute is
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="260">
 Page 145 U. S. 260
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 limited to dry ore or ore with such mechanically mixed water excluded. A verdict to the contrary would have been entirely unsupported by the evidence.
 </p>
<p>
 The claim of the plaintiff is really for an allowance by the government upon the government weight of the article imported, in the condition in which the plaintiff imported it, with a view to making it a different article from what it was when the importer presented it to the weigher. By § 2890 of the Revised Statutes, the weigher is to make a return of the articles weighed by him out of a vessel within three days after the vessel is discharged, and such return is to be made in a book prepared by the weigher for that purpose and kept in the custom house. Under the statute, the weight so ascertained and recorded becomes the government weight of iron ore for the purpose of imposing thereon the duty of 75 cents a ton, in the absence of a contrary provision in the statute. Any allowance between dealers is shown to have been based upon an agreement previously made to allow for moisture.
 </p>
<p>
 The importer had the right to introduce iron ore only on complying with the statute, and that authorizes the entry only upon payment of a duty of 75 cents per ton upon the article brought in, and the ton is 2,240 pounds, by § 2951 of the Revised Statutes. It is a necessity that all ore should have some moisture mechanically mixed with it, and the statute is silent as to the moisture mechanically mixed or chemically combined with the iron ore.
 </p>
<p>
 It appears that no alleged custom of dealers controls a carrier as to the payment of freight for the transportation of the imported iron ore, but the charge for transportation is by the actual weight, including the water.
 </p>
<p>
 The provision of § 2927 of the Revised Statutes, as carried out by the regulations of the Treasury Department, protects the importer from losses by reason of water if he employs the methods prescribed for such protection. Such methods exclude the nonstatutory method sought to be applied in the present case.
 </p>
<p>
 The duty of 75 cents per ton on iron ore, containing such quantity of water as it may contain, applies equally to the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="261">
 Page 145 U. S. 261
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 duty per ton imposed by the act of 1883 on imported hay, as to which no method is provided by statute for an allowance for the moisture contained in it except as provided in regard to imports damaged by water. In each case, the duty is imposed on the weight of the article brought in. The principle is different from that in regard to dirt clinging to the skin of a potato, or clay, sand, and gravel mixed with flaxseed. In those cases, the dirt, clay, sand, and gravel are plainly discoverable and readily eliminated, and do not inhere in the article as moisture does in iron ore or in hay.
 </p>
<p>
 Reference is made by the counsel for the plaintiff in error to the provision of Schedule C of the Act of October 1, 1890, c. 1244, 26 Stat. 567, 574, paragraph 133, which imposes a duty of 75 cents per ton on "iron ore, including manganiferous iron ore, also the dross or residuum from burnt pyrites," and which further provide
 </p>
<p>
 "that in levying and collecting the duty on iron ore, no deduction shall be made from the weight of the ore on account of moisture which may be chemically or physically combined therewith."
 </p>
<p>
 It is contended that this provision of the Tariff Act of 1890 is a legislative interpretation which shows that Congress did not consider the term "iron ore," when used alone, as in the act of 1883, broad enough to embrace water held in mechanical combination; that this is a recognition by Congress that the term in the act of 1883 did not include water mechanically or physically present in the iron ore, and that under that act an allowance ought properly to be made in ascertaining the dutiable weight at the custom house, from the fact of the provision in the act of 1890 that such allowance should not be made thereafter.
 </p>
<p>
 But it is manifest from the history of the importation of the article, as shown in the proceedings of the Treasury Department in regard to it above set forth, that the provision of the act of 1890 was inserted to save further trouble as to the question. The rule claimed by the plaintiff to be applicable would exclude from the government weight water chemically combined as well as that physically mixed with the iron ore, for the proviso, being that no deduction shall be
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="262">
 Page 145 U. S. 262
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 made from the weight on account of moisture "chemically or physically" combined with the ore, if regarded as evidence that the act of 1883 allowed for moisture physically or mechanically combined, would also show that the act of 1883 allowed for water chemically combined. No statute in regard to iron ore ever permitted an allowance for the water chemically combined with it, and the act of 1883 must have the same construction in regard to all moisture, however mixed or combined with the ore.
 </p>
<p>
 The rule is invoked by the plaintiff in error which is set forth in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , that if the question in regard to a rate of duty is one of doubt, the doubt is to be resolved in favor of the importer, as duties are never imposed upon the citizen on vague or doubtful interpretations. In the present case, the imposition of the duty is distinct and clear, and there is no doubtful interpretation, and the rule does not apply, for the reason that the importer seeks to obtain an allowance in reduction of a duty which is distinctly imposed.
 </p>
<p>
 It is stated in the brief for the plaintiff in error that as the circuit court ruled that the ordinary definition of the term "iron ore" included water mechanically present, the burden was on the plaintiff to satisfy the jury that the interpretation given to the term among commercial men did not include such water; that the plaintiff was to fail or prevail as the jury interpreted the meaning of the term in commerce to be the mass inclusive or exclusive of the water, and that if, on the whole evidence, the jury were in doubt as to what was the proper interpretation, that doubt should have been resolved in favor of the importer.
 </p>
<p>
 But, the burden of proof being on the plaintiff to prove the interpretation he contends for to be the true one, he could not be entitled to a verdict so long as he failed to satisfy the jury, by a preponderance of evidence, that his interpretation was the correct one. The question of doubt referred to in
 <em>
 Hartranft v. Wiegmann,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85626/hartranft-vs-wiegmann">
 121 U. S. 609
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/85627/hartranft-vs-winters">
 121 U. S. 616
 </a>
</span>
 , is a doubt of a very different character, and is as to whether, as matter of legal construction and not as matter of fact, the article is within the terms of the statute. The intention of Congress
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="263">
 Page 145 U. S. 263
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 to impose a duty of 75 cents a ton on the weight of iron ore is expressed in clear and unambiguous language.
 <em>
 American Net & Twine Co. v. Worthington,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington">
 141 U. S. 468
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/86651/american-net-twine-co-vs-worthington#474">
 141 U. S. 474
 </a>
</span>
 .
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence put in on the part of the defendant and objected to by the plaintiff, that the iron ores of the United States which resemble, and were like, and had the same characteristics as, the imported iron ores in question were dealt in in the United States without an allowance for moisture was justified by the evidence which has been put in on the part of the plaintiff, and the explanation made by the court, as before set forth, that the testimony was received as bearing directly upon the weight and credibility of the testimony on the part of the plaintiff, was sound. The evidence, too, was proper under the claim of custom set up by the plaintiff.
 </p>
<p>
 We see no ground for a reversal of the judgment, and it is
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Affirmed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
<br/>
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LAW: the Tariff Act, the Tariff Act, the Tariff Act

ORG: Earnshaw, U.S. Supreme Court, Earnshaw, Syllabus, C of § 2502, the Circuit Court, Collector of Customs, sec, Fahrenheit, Fahrenheit, Congress, Court, the Treasury Department, Treasury Department, Fahrenheit, Treasury Department, Treasury, Congress, Congress, Fahrenheit, the Treasury Department, Congress, Congress, the Treasury Department, Congress, American Net & Twine Co., Worthington

GPE: U.S., U.S., U.S., the United States, the United States, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Porman, Spain, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States, New York, Philadelphia, United States, New York, Baltimore, United States, New York, Baltimore, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States, the United States

DATE: 1892, 1892, April 29, 1892, May 16, 1892, c. 121, January, 1888, February, April, 1887, October, 1888, c. 121, March 3, 1883, c. 121, 16, September 8, 1879, May 17, 1886, ten days, September, 1886, March 3, 1883, September 17, 1886, October 29, 1886, September 17, 1886, the 5th of November, 1886, October 29, 1886, the 12th of January, 1887, March 3, 1883, January 19, 1887, September 17, 1886, 1883, 1883, March 3, 1883, September 8, 1879, September 8, 1879, February 3, 1887, October 29, 1886, November 5, 1886, October 29, 1886, March 3, 1883, January 19, 1887, October 29, 1886, three days, 2927, 1883, October 1, 1890, c. 1244, 1890, 1883, 1883, 1890, 1890, 1883, 1883, 1883

PRODUCT: Earnshaw, 9 Wheat, 7 Pet, 7 Pet

CARDINAL: 145, 348, 145, 22, 497, three, 22, 497, three, 6, 212Ą, three, two, 212Ą, three, four, a few hundredths, 12, 212Ą, 212Ą, 18, 212Ą, Two Hundred, 430, 404, 212Ą, 212Ą, 212Ą, 18, Two, 9, 430, 410, 10, 137, 212Ą, 212Ą, 2890, 26, 567, 574, 133

TIME: 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883, 6 of the Act of March 3, 1883

MONEY: 75 cents, 71.61, seventy-five cents per ton, 75 cents, seventy-five cents per ton, 75 cents, 75 cents, 466, 530, 75 cents, 75 cents, 75 cents, 2,240 pounds, 75 cents, 75 cents, 75 cents

LOC: the Eastern District

PERSON: John W. S. Earnshaw, John Cadwalader, Schedule C, JUSTICE BLATCHFORD, Fairchild, Jenks, Atty, Fahrenheit, Barlow, Drew, Grinnell, Fairchild, Jenks, Fairchild, Garland, Atty, Jenks, Barlow, Elliott v. Swartwout, Manning, Fairchild, Fairchild, Garland, Schedule C, Hartranft v. Wiegmann, Hartranft v. Wiegmann

QUANTITY: 212 degrees

ORDINAL: first, first, first, first

PERCENT: 1 percent, 25 percent, 121 U. S. 609 , 121 U. S. 609

NORP: French, American