Ayers Vs. Watson

Decided On : Dec-09-1889

Court : US Supreme Court

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 ',
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 '
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 Ayers v. Watson - 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Ayers v. Watson, 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Ayers v. Watson
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 119
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued November 18, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided December 9, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 132 U.S. 394
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Before former declarations of a witness can be used to impeach or contradict his testimony, his attention must be drawn to what may be brought forward for that purpose, with particularity as to time, place and circumstance, so that he can deny it or make any explanation tending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is testifying.
 </p>
<p>
 After a witness' testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by death he is placed beyond the power of explanation, then, in another trial had after his death, former declarations by him, whether by deposition or otherwise, contradictory to those made by him in that testimony cannot for the first time be brought forward and used to impeach it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is the same cause brought here and heard at October term, 1884, and reported
 <span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 1
 </a>
</span>
 l3 U.S. 594. The case now made is thus stated in the opinion of the Court:
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action of ejectment brought by Watson, the original plaintiff, in the District Court for the County of Bell, in the State of Texas, and afterwards removed into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of that state. It was twice tried before a jury, which failed in each of these trials to come to an agreement. It was tried a third time, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. A writ of error was taken to that judgment, by which it was brought to this Court and reversed. The case is reported as
 <em>
 Ayers v. Watson,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 594
 </a>
</span>
 . It was thereupon remanded to the circuit court for a new trial, where a verdict was again had for the plaintiff, and the judgment rendered on that verdict is before us for review.
 </p>
<p>
 The details of the controversy may be found in the report of the case above mentioned. While it was pending in the district court of Bell County, the following agreement between the parties was made, which simplifies the case very much:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="395">
 Page 132 U. S. 395
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "A. E. Watson"
 </p>
<p>
 "v."
 </p>
<p>
 "Frank Ayers
 <em>
 et al.
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 "It is agreed and admitted by the defendants for the purpose of this trial at this term of the court that A. E. Watson, plaintiff in this cause, is entitled to all the right, title, and interest granted by the State of Texas to the heirs of Walter W. Daws on September 16, A.D. 1850, said land patented being one-third of a league, described in said patent No. 542, vol. 8, and which said land is described in plaintiff's petition; but defendants say that said one-third of a league of land so patented as aforesaid to the heirs of Walter W. Daws is covered by the grant of the government of Coahuila and Texas to Maximo Moreno of eleven leagues of land, as set forth more fully in defendants' petition, which said eleven-league grant is an older and superior title to that of plaintiff's, and the title to which is in the defendants in this cause."
 </p>
<p>
 "X. B. SAUNDERS"
 </p>
<p>
 "W. T. RUCKER"
 </p>
<p>
 "F. H. SLEEPER, and"
 </p>
<p>
 "A. M. MONTEITH"
 </p>
<p>
 "
 <em>
 Attys. for Defendants
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 By this agreement, it will be seen that the sole question at issue was whether the land in controversy was covered by the eleven-league grant to Maximo Moreno. A plat of that survey is found in the bill of exceptions. On the trial, which resulted in the judgment which we are now called to reconsider and which, as we understand it, was the fourth time the case had been tried by a jury, the defendant introduced the deposition of F. W. Johnson, the surveyor who had made the survey under the Moreno grant. It seems that his deposition had been taken twice in this action, and, though the details of those trials are not before us, it had no doubt been used in them. But prior to the trial which we are now reviewing, he had died. It appears from the bill of exceptions that in these depositions, he had been cross-examined by plaintiff's counsel. Plaintiff, in rebuttal to this testimony of Johnson, offered
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="396">
 Page 132 U. S. 396
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in evidence a deposition of the said Johnson taken in 1860 in a suit between other parties in which his testimony with regard to the matters to which he testified in the depositions offered by defendant varied materially from these latter depositions. To the introduction of this deposition of 1860 the defendants objected, and, their objection being overruled, took this exception. As we think the judgment of the court below must be reversed on account of this ruling, all that relates to it in the bill of exceptions is here reproduced:
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by both parties that the upper and lower corners on the river of the Maximo Moreno eleven-league grant are extant as called for in the original grant to Maximo Moreno, and their corners are not in dispute."
 </p>
<p>
 "The defendant read in evidence the depositions of F. W. Johnson, taken in 1878 and 1880, in which he testified that he was principal survey or for Austin's colony. . . . The first survey made was the Maximo Moreno eleven-league survey. This survey was commenced at the point opposite the mouth of the Lampasas River, as called for in the field notes of the grant, and a line was run thence on the course called for in the grant, the distance called for, the chain being used to measure the distance. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was thus established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. In running the west line, I made an offset to avoid crossing the Leon River, which was about 50 or 60 vrs. wide. This offset was made soon after leaving the beginning corner, there being a peculiar bend in the river at that point. From the northwest corner thus established, the second line was run the course and distance called for in the grant. Several streams were crossed on this line at distances not now recollected, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries in Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner so established, a line was run in the course called for in the grant to San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not usual or necessary to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by the defendant that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="397">
 Page 132 U. S. 397
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for -- that is, the distance is 7,500 instead of 3,500 varas, and on cross-examination, being asked to account for the discrepancy, said the distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured. The exterior lines were marked with blazes. The corner trees and bearing trees, where there were such, were marked with blazes, with two hacks above and two below. In answer to a question on cross-examination, he said that he did not begin the survey at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner at the three forks at the mouth of the Lampasas, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. The field book containing the same, which I kept, I examined, which I don't remember to examine until a month ago, and as hereinbefore stated."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff, in rebuttal to Johnson's testimony, as above set forth, it appearing that said Johnson died in 1884, offered to read in evidence a deposition of said Johnson, taken in 1860 in a certain suit then pending in Bell County, Texas, wherein David Ayers was plaintiff and Lancaster was defendant, in which he stated, in answer to a question therein propounded, that he
 </p>
<p>
 "began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southwardly to the river. I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open; but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line. To the reading of which last-mentioned deposition, proven to be in the hand writing of Johnson, taken in 1860, the defendants objected upon the ground that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and, the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson as given in his deposition read by the defendants, notwithstanding the death of Johnson, which objection the court overruled, and admitted
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="398">
 Page 132 U. S. 398
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the testimony so objected to, to which ruling of the court the defendants then and there excepted, and still except, and the same is allowed as exception No. 1. "
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="401">
 Page 132 U. S. 401
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MILLER, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 A very earnest and able argument is presented to us to sustain this ruling upon the general ground of the liberality of courts in admitting what would be otherwise called "hearsay evidence" in regard to boundaries, such as tradition, general understanding in the neighborhood, declarations of persons familiar with the boundaries and with the objects on the lines of the survey, and others of similar character. An opinion of MR. JUSTICE FIELD, delivered in the Supreme Court of California in 1860 in the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, is much relied on in this case, and it is also said that the courts of the State of Texas have established the same principle, which has thus become a rule of property in that state which should be followed in this case. If the principles stated in the decision of the California court and in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the State of Texas were indeed applicable to the case before us, we would hesitate very much in reversing the judgment on this ground, and indeed should be inclined, on the weight of those authorities and in the belief that in the main they are sound, to overrule the exception. But
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="402">
 Page 132 U. S. 402
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the objection in the present case to the deposition of Johnson, taken in 1860, does not rest upon the ground that it is hearsay testimony, or that it does not come within the general principle which admits declarations of persons made during their lifetime of matters important to the location of surveys and objects showing the line of those surveys. Johnson's deposition of 1860, if it stood alone and was introduced upon the trial of this case for the first time as independent testimony in favor of plaintiffs, might be admissible. It is not necessary to decide that question, because such is not the character of the circumstances under which the testimony was admitted. As we have already said, there had been three trials of this action, during which Johnson was alive and was a competent witness for either party. All his testimony was given by way of deposition. This only renders the manner of taking it more deliberate, and if it was to be contradicted by anything he had said on former occasions, made it the more easy and reasonable that plaintiff should have called his attention to the former statements which they proposed to use. It will be observed that the plaintiffs did not introduce or offer to introduce this deposition of Johnson of 1860 as a part of their case, when it was their duty to introduce their testimony. They therefore did not rely on it as independent testimony in their favor. But after Johnson's deposition had been given in the case itself, and he had been cross-examined by the plaintiffs in that deposition in regard to his testimony, and after he was dead and could give no explanation of his previous testimony of 1860 which might show a mistake in that deposition or give some satisfactory account of it consistent with his testimony in the principal case, this old deposition is for the first time brought forward to contradict the most important part of his testimony given on the present trial. The importance of this matter, as it was presented to the jury, will be readily understood when we revert to the fact that the two southern corners of the survey are established without question, and are found on the San Andres River, and the controversy concerns the question whether the east line and the west line of that survey, which are straight lines almost due north, extend so far north that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="403">
 Page 132 U. S. 403
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the northern line between these lines is so far north as to include the survey of Daws, under which plaintiff claims. In the principal deposition of Johnson, as we have seen by the bill of exceptions, he states that this survey commenced at the southwestern corner on the San Andres River, and was run northward the distance called for in the grant, and actually measured by the chain. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. From the northwest corner thus established, the second, the line was run for the course and distance called for in the grant, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries on Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner thus established, the course was run to the San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not necessary to measure the closing line. In answer to questions on cross-examination, he said he did not begin at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. He said the field book, containing these notes, "I kept and examined, which I do not remember to have examined till a month ago, as hereinbefore stated." The deposition offered by plaintiff states distinctly that he began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southward to the river. And he further says:
 </p>
<p>
 "I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open, but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 It was admitted that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for, and the witness on cross-examinations in the principal depositions read by the defendant in this case, being asked to account for this discrepancy, said, "The distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured." The discrepancy between these two depositions is manifest, and that discrepancy is in a matter which relates directly to the question whether the Moreno grant as it
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="404">
 Page 132 U. S. 404
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 was surveyed included the land embraced within the Daws grant, under which plaintiff asserts claim. If the jury believed in the truth of the depositions of Johnson taken by the defendant in this case at which he was cross-examined by the plaintiff, it affords the strongest evidence that the Daws claim was included in the lines of the Moreno survey. This deposition is supported by the field notes and by the reference of Johnson himself to those field notes a very little while before he gave his deposition. If, on the contrary, the eastern line was the one which was actually run and measured, beginning at the southeast corner of the survey on the San Andres River, then the fact that that line was actually run and measured would probably have a very great influence in the mind of the jury on the question in issue. And whether this was so or not, the contradictory statements of Johnson under oath might destroy the value of his testimony before the jury.
 </p>
<p>
 The circumstances under which the former statements of a witness in regard to the subject matter of his testimony, when examined in the principal case, can be introduced to contradict or impeach his testimony are well settled, and are the same whether his testimony in the principal case is given orally in court before the jury, or is taken by deposition afterwards read to them. In all such cases, even where the matter occurs on the spur of the moment in a trial before a jury, and where the objectionable testimony may then come for the first time to the knowledge of the opposite party, it is the rule that before those former declarations can be used to impeach or contradict the witness, his attention must be called to what may be brought forward for that purpose, and this must be done with great particularity as to time and place and circumstances, so that he can deny it, or make any explanation intending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is now testifying. While the courts have been somewhat liberal in giving the opposing party an opportunity to present to the witness the matter in which they propose to contradict him, even going so far as to permit him to be recalled and cross-examined on that subject after he has left the stand, it is believed that in no case has any court deliberately held that after the witness'
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="405">
 Page 132 U. S. 405
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by his death he is placed beyond the reach of any power of explanation, then in another trial such contradictory declarations, whether by deposition or otherwise, can be used to impeach his testimony. Least of all would this seem to be admissible in the present case, where three trials had been had before a jury, in each of which the same testimony of the witness Johnson had been introduced and relied on, and in each of which he had been cross-examined, and no reference made to his former deposition nor any attempt to call his attention to it. This principle of the rule of evidence is so well understood that authorities are not necessary to be cited. It is so well stated, with its qualifications and the reasons for it, by Mr. Greenleaf in his work on Evidence, vol. 1, in §§ 462-464, inclusive, that nothing need be added to it here except a reference to the decisions cited in his notes to those sections.
 <em>
 See also Weir v. McGee,
 </em>
 25 Tex.Supp. 20, 32.
 </p>
<p>
 It will thus be seen that the principle on which counsel for plaintiff in error objected to this deposition of Johnson is not in conflict with the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, nor with any case to which we are cited, decided by the Supreme Court of Texas. That ground, as stated in the bill of exceptions, is
 </p>
<p>
 "that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence, nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson, as given in his deposition read by the defendant, notwithstanding the death of Johnson."
 </p>
<p>
 We are very clear that the deposition of 1860 was improperly admitted, and its important relation to the issue tried by the jury was such that the judgment rendered on it must be reversed, and the verdict set aside, and a new trial granted. There are other assignments of error, the consideration of which is not necessary in the decision of the case before us,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="406">
 Page 132 U. S. 406
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 which, with due attention to what we decided when the case was here before, to which we still adhere, may not arise in another trial.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Reversed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
<br/>
</div></body></html>',
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 ',
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 '
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		'judgement' => '<html><head></head><body><div>


 Ayers v. Watson - 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Ayers v. Watson, 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Ayers v. Watson
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 119
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued November 18, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided December 9, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 132 U.S. 394
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Before former declarations of a witness can be used to impeach or contradict his testimony, his attention must be drawn to what may be brought forward for that purpose, with particularity as to time, place and circumstance, so that he can deny it or make any explanation tending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is testifying.
 </p>
<p>
 After a witness' testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by death he is placed beyond the power of explanation, then, in another trial had after his death, former declarations by him, whether by deposition or otherwise, contradictory to those made by him in that testimony cannot for the first time be brought forward and used to impeach it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is the same cause brought here and heard at October term, 1884, and reported
 <span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 1
 </a>
</span>
 l3 U.S. 594. The case now made is thus stated in the opinion of the Court:
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action of ejectment brought by Watson, the original plaintiff, in the District Court for the County of Bell, in the State of Texas, and afterwards removed into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of that state. It was twice tried before a jury, which failed in each of these trials to come to an agreement. It was tried a third time, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. A writ of error was taken to that judgment, by which it was brought to this Court and reversed. The case is reported as
 <em>
 Ayers v. Watson,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 594
 </a>
</span>
 . It was thereupon remanded to the circuit court for a new trial, where a verdict was again had for the plaintiff, and the judgment rendered on that verdict is before us for review.
 </p>
<p>
 The details of the controversy may be found in the report of the case above mentioned. While it was pending in the district court of Bell County, the following agreement between the parties was made, which simplifies the case very much:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="395">
 Page 132 U. S. 395
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "A. E. Watson"
 </p>
<p>
 "v."
 </p>
<p>
 "Frank Ayers
 <em>
 et al.
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 "It is agreed and admitted by the defendants for the purpose of this trial at this term of the court that A. E. Watson, plaintiff in this cause, is entitled to all the right, title, and interest granted by the State of Texas to the heirs of Walter W. Daws on September 16, A.D. 1850, said land patented being one-third of a league, described in said patent No. 542, vol. 8, and which said land is described in plaintiff's petition; but defendants say that said one-third of a league of land so patented as aforesaid to the heirs of Walter W. Daws is covered by the grant of the government of Coahuila and Texas to Maximo Moreno of eleven leagues of land, as set forth more fully in defendants' petition, which said eleven-league grant is an older and superior title to that of plaintiff's, and the title to which is in the defendants in this cause."
 </p>
<p>
 "X. B. SAUNDERS"
 </p>
<p>
 "W. T. RUCKER"
 </p>
<p>
 "F. H. SLEEPER, and"
 </p>
<p>
 "A. M. MONTEITH"
 </p>
<p>
 "
 <em>
 Attys. for Defendants
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 By this agreement, it will be seen that the sole question at issue was whether the land in controversy was covered by the eleven-league grant to Maximo Moreno. A plat of that survey is found in the bill of exceptions. On the trial, which resulted in the judgment which we are now called to reconsider and which, as we understand it, was the fourth time the case had been tried by a jury, the defendant introduced the deposition of F. W. Johnson, the surveyor who had made the survey under the Moreno grant. It seems that his deposition had been taken twice in this action, and, though the details of those trials are not before us, it had no doubt been used in them. But prior to the trial which we are now reviewing, he had died. It appears from the bill of exceptions that in these depositions, he had been cross-examined by plaintiff's counsel. Plaintiff, in rebuttal to this testimony of Johnson, offered
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="396">
 Page 132 U. S. 396
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in evidence a deposition of the said Johnson taken in 1860 in a suit between other parties in which his testimony with regard to the matters to which he testified in the depositions offered by defendant varied materially from these latter depositions. To the introduction of this deposition of 1860 the defendants objected, and, their objection being overruled, took this exception. As we think the judgment of the court below must be reversed on account of this ruling, all that relates to it in the bill of exceptions is here reproduced:
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by both parties that the upper and lower corners on the river of the Maximo Moreno eleven-league grant are extant as called for in the original grant to Maximo Moreno, and their corners are not in dispute."
 </p>
<p>
 "The defendant read in evidence the depositions of F. W. Johnson, taken in 1878 and 1880, in which he testified that he was principal survey or for Austin's colony. . . . The first survey made was the Maximo Moreno eleven-league survey. This survey was commenced at the point opposite the mouth of the Lampasas River, as called for in the field notes of the grant, and a line was run thence on the course called for in the grant, the distance called for, the chain being used to measure the distance. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was thus established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. In running the west line, I made an offset to avoid crossing the Leon River, which was about 50 or 60 vrs. wide. This offset was made soon after leaving the beginning corner, there being a peculiar bend in the river at that point. From the northwest corner thus established, the second line was run the course and distance called for in the grant. Several streams were crossed on this line at distances not now recollected, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries in Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner so established, a line was run in the course called for in the grant to San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not usual or necessary to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by the defendant that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="397">
 Page 132 U. S. 397
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for -- that is, the distance is 7,500 instead of 3,500 varas, and on cross-examination, being asked to account for the discrepancy, said the distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured. The exterior lines were marked with blazes. The corner trees and bearing trees, where there were such, were marked with blazes, with two hacks above and two below. In answer to a question on cross-examination, he said that he did not begin the survey at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner at the three forks at the mouth of the Lampasas, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. The field book containing the same, which I kept, I examined, which I don't remember to examine until a month ago, and as hereinbefore stated."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff, in rebuttal to Johnson's testimony, as above set forth, it appearing that said Johnson died in 1884, offered to read in evidence a deposition of said Johnson, taken in 1860 in a certain suit then pending in Bell County, Texas, wherein David Ayers was plaintiff and Lancaster was defendant, in which he stated, in answer to a question therein propounded, that he
 </p>
<p>
 "began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southwardly to the river. I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open; but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line. To the reading of which last-mentioned deposition, proven to be in the hand writing of Johnson, taken in 1860, the defendants objected upon the ground that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and, the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson as given in his deposition read by the defendants, notwithstanding the death of Johnson, which objection the court overruled, and admitted
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="398">
 Page 132 U. S. 398
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the testimony so objected to, to which ruling of the court the defendants then and there excepted, and still except, and the same is allowed as exception No. 1. "
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="401">
 Page 132 U. S. 401
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MILLER, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 A very earnest and able argument is presented to us to sustain this ruling upon the general ground of the liberality of courts in admitting what would be otherwise called "hearsay evidence" in regard to boundaries, such as tradition, general understanding in the neighborhood, declarations of persons familiar with the boundaries and with the objects on the lines of the survey, and others of similar character. An opinion of MR. JUSTICE FIELD, delivered in the Supreme Court of California in 1860 in the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, is much relied on in this case, and it is also said that the courts of the State of Texas have established the same principle, which has thus become a rule of property in that state which should be followed in this case. If the principles stated in the decision of the California court and in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the State of Texas were indeed applicable to the case before us, we would hesitate very much in reversing the judgment on this ground, and indeed should be inclined, on the weight of those authorities and in the belief that in the main they are sound, to overrule the exception. But
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="402">
 Page 132 U. S. 402
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the objection in the present case to the deposition of Johnson, taken in 1860, does not rest upon the ground that it is hearsay testimony, or that it does not come within the general principle which admits declarations of persons made during their lifetime of matters important to the location of surveys and objects showing the line of those surveys. Johnson's deposition of 1860, if it stood alone and was introduced upon the trial of this case for the first time as independent testimony in favor of plaintiffs, might be admissible. It is not necessary to decide that question, because such is not the character of the circumstances under which the testimony was admitted. As we have already said, there had been three trials of this action, during which Johnson was alive and was a competent witness for either party. All his testimony was given by way of deposition. This only renders the manner of taking it more deliberate, and if it was to be contradicted by anything he had said on former occasions, made it the more easy and reasonable that plaintiff should have called his attention to the former statements which they proposed to use. It will be observed that the plaintiffs did not introduce or offer to introduce this deposition of Johnson of 1860 as a part of their case, when it was their duty to introduce their testimony. They therefore did not rely on it as independent testimony in their favor. But after Johnson's deposition had been given in the case itself, and he had been cross-examined by the plaintiffs in that deposition in regard to his testimony, and after he was dead and could give no explanation of his previous testimony of 1860 which might show a mistake in that deposition or give some satisfactory account of it consistent with his testimony in the principal case, this old deposition is for the first time brought forward to contradict the most important part of his testimony given on the present trial. The importance of this matter, as it was presented to the jury, will be readily understood when we revert to the fact that the two southern corners of the survey are established without question, and are found on the San Andres River, and the controversy concerns the question whether the east line and the west line of that survey, which are straight lines almost due north, extend so far north that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="403">
 Page 132 U. S. 403
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the northern line between these lines is so far north as to include the survey of Daws, under which plaintiff claims. In the principal deposition of Johnson, as we have seen by the bill of exceptions, he states that this survey commenced at the southwestern corner on the San Andres River, and was run northward the distance called for in the grant, and actually measured by the chain. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. From the northwest corner thus established, the second, the line was run for the course and distance called for in the grant, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries on Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner thus established, the course was run to the San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not necessary to measure the closing line. In answer to questions on cross-examination, he said he did not begin at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. He said the field book, containing these notes, "I kept and examined, which I do not remember to have examined till a month ago, as hereinbefore stated." The deposition offered by plaintiff states distinctly that he began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southward to the river. And he further says:
 </p>
<p>
 "I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open, but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 It was admitted that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for, and the witness on cross-examinations in the principal depositions read by the defendant in this case, being asked to account for this discrepancy, said, "The distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured." The discrepancy between these two depositions is manifest, and that discrepancy is in a matter which relates directly to the question whether the Moreno grant as it
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="404">
 Page 132 U. S. 404
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 was surveyed included the land embraced within the Daws grant, under which plaintiff asserts claim. If the jury believed in the truth of the depositions of Johnson taken by the defendant in this case at which he was cross-examined by the plaintiff, it affords the strongest evidence that the Daws claim was included in the lines of the Moreno survey. This deposition is supported by the field notes and by the reference of Johnson himself to those field notes a very little while before he gave his deposition. If, on the contrary, the eastern line was the one which was actually run and measured, beginning at the southeast corner of the survey on the San Andres River, then the fact that that line was actually run and measured would probably have a very great influence in the mind of the jury on the question in issue. And whether this was so or not, the contradictory statements of Johnson under oath might destroy the value of his testimony before the jury.
 </p>
<p>
 The circumstances under which the former statements of a witness in regard to the subject matter of his testimony, when examined in the principal case, can be introduced to contradict or impeach his testimony are well settled, and are the same whether his testimony in the principal case is given orally in court before the jury, or is taken by deposition afterwards read to them. In all such cases, even where the matter occurs on the spur of the moment in a trial before a jury, and where the objectionable testimony may then come for the first time to the knowledge of the opposite party, it is the rule that before those former declarations can be used to impeach or contradict the witness, his attention must be called to what may be brought forward for that purpose, and this must be done with great particularity as to time and place and circumstances, so that he can deny it, or make any explanation intending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is now testifying. While the courts have been somewhat liberal in giving the opposing party an opportunity to present to the witness the matter in which they propose to contradict him, even going so far as to permit him to be recalled and cross-examined on that subject after he has left the stand, it is believed that in no case has any court deliberately held that after the witness'
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="405">
 Page 132 U. S. 405
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by his death he is placed beyond the reach of any power of explanation, then in another trial such contradictory declarations, whether by deposition or otherwise, can be used to impeach his testimony. Least of all would this seem to be admissible in the present case, where three trials had been had before a jury, in each of which the same testimony of the witness Johnson had been introduced and relied on, and in each of which he had been cross-examined, and no reference made to his former deposition nor any attempt to call his attention to it. This principle of the rule of evidence is so well understood that authorities are not necessary to be cited. It is so well stated, with its qualifications and the reasons for it, by Mr. Greenleaf in his work on Evidence, vol. 1, in §§ 462-464, inclusive, that nothing need be added to it here except a reference to the decisions cited in his notes to those sections.
 <em>
 See also Weir v. McGee,
 </em>
 25 Tex.Supp. 20, 32.
 </p>
<p>
 It will thus be seen that the principle on which counsel for plaintiff in error objected to this deposition of Johnson is not in conflict with the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, nor with any case to which we are cited, decided by the Supreme Court of Texas. That ground, as stated in the bill of exceptions, is
 </p>
<p>
 "that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence, nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson, as given in his deposition read by the defendant, notwithstanding the death of Johnson."
 </p>
<p>
 We are very clear that the deposition of 1860 was improperly admitted, and its important relation to the issue tried by the jury was such that the judgment rendered on it must be reversed, and the verdict set aside, and a new trial granted. There are other assignments of error, the consideration of which is not necessary in the decision of the case before us,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="406">
 Page 132 U. S. 406
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 which, with due attention to what we decided when the case was here before, to which we still adhere, may not arise in another trial.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Reversed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
<br/>
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 ',
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 '
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 Ayers v. Watson - 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Ayers v. Watson, 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Ayers v. Watson
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 119
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued November 18, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided December 9, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 132 U.S. 394
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Before former declarations of a witness can be used to impeach or contradict his testimony, his attention must be drawn to what may be brought forward for that purpose, with particularity as to time, place and circumstance, so that he can deny it or make any explanation tending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is testifying.
 </p>
<p>
 After a witness' testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by death he is placed beyond the power of explanation, then, in another trial had after his death, former declarations by him, whether by deposition or otherwise, contradictory to those made by him in that testimony cannot for the first time be brought forward and used to impeach it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is the same cause brought here and heard at October term, 1884, and reported
 <span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 1
 </a>
</span>
 l3 U.S. 594. The case now made is thus stated in the opinion of the Court:
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action of ejectment brought by Watson, the original plaintiff, in the District Court for the County of Bell, in the State of Texas, and afterwards removed into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of that state. It was twice tried before a jury, which failed in each of these trials to come to an agreement. It was tried a third time, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. A writ of error was taken to that judgment, by which it was brought to this Court and reversed. The case is reported as
 <em>
 Ayers v. Watson,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 594
 </a>
</span>
 . It was thereupon remanded to the circuit court for a new trial, where a verdict was again had for the plaintiff, and the judgment rendered on that verdict is before us for review.
 </p>
<p>
 The details of the controversy may be found in the report of the case above mentioned. While it was pending in the district court of Bell County, the following agreement between the parties was made, which simplifies the case very much:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="395">
 Page 132 U. S. 395
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "A. E. Watson"
 </p>
<p>
 "v."
 </p>
<p>
 "Frank Ayers
 <em>
 et al.
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 "It is agreed and admitted by the defendants for the purpose of this trial at this term of the court that A. E. Watson, plaintiff in this cause, is entitled to all the right, title, and interest granted by the State of Texas to the heirs of Walter W. Daws on September 16, A.D. 1850, said land patented being one-third of a league, described in said patent No. 542, vol. 8, and which said land is described in plaintiff's petition; but defendants say that said one-third of a league of land so patented as aforesaid to the heirs of Walter W. Daws is covered by the grant of the government of Coahuila and Texas to Maximo Moreno of eleven leagues of land, as set forth more fully in defendants' petition, which said eleven-league grant is an older and superior title to that of plaintiff's, and the title to which is in the defendants in this cause."
 </p>
<p>
 "X. B. SAUNDERS"
 </p>
<p>
 "W. T. RUCKER"
 </p>
<p>
 "F. H. SLEEPER, and"
 </p>
<p>
 "A. M. MONTEITH"
 </p>
<p>
 "
 <em>
 Attys. for Defendants
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 By this agreement, it will be seen that the sole question at issue was whether the land in controversy was covered by the eleven-league grant to Maximo Moreno. A plat of that survey is found in the bill of exceptions. On the trial, which resulted in the judgment which we are now called to reconsider and which, as we understand it, was the fourth time the case had been tried by a jury, the defendant introduced the deposition of F. W. Johnson, the surveyor who had made the survey under the Moreno grant. It seems that his deposition had been taken twice in this action, and, though the details of those trials are not before us, it had no doubt been used in them. But prior to the trial which we are now reviewing, he had died. It appears from the bill of exceptions that in these depositions, he had been cross-examined by plaintiff's counsel. Plaintiff, in rebuttal to this testimony of Johnson, offered
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="396">
 Page 132 U. S. 396
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in evidence a deposition of the said Johnson taken in 1860 in a suit between other parties in which his testimony with regard to the matters to which he testified in the depositions offered by defendant varied materially from these latter depositions. To the introduction of this deposition of 1860 the defendants objected, and, their objection being overruled, took this exception. As we think the judgment of the court below must be reversed on account of this ruling, all that relates to it in the bill of exceptions is here reproduced:
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by both parties that the upper and lower corners on the river of the Maximo Moreno eleven-league grant are extant as called for in the original grant to Maximo Moreno, and their corners are not in dispute."
 </p>
<p>
 "The defendant read in evidence the depositions of F. W. Johnson, taken in 1878 and 1880, in which he testified that he was principal survey or for Austin's colony. . . . The first survey made was the Maximo Moreno eleven-league survey. This survey was commenced at the point opposite the mouth of the Lampasas River, as called for in the field notes of the grant, and a line was run thence on the course called for in the grant, the distance called for, the chain being used to measure the distance. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was thus established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. In running the west line, I made an offset to avoid crossing the Leon River, which was about 50 or 60 vrs. wide. This offset was made soon after leaving the beginning corner, there being a peculiar bend in the river at that point. From the northwest corner thus established, the second line was run the course and distance called for in the grant. Several streams were crossed on this line at distances not now recollected, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries in Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner so established, a line was run in the course called for in the grant to San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not usual or necessary to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by the defendant that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="397">
 Page 132 U. S. 397
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for -- that is, the distance is 7,500 instead of 3,500 varas, and on cross-examination, being asked to account for the discrepancy, said the distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured. The exterior lines were marked with blazes. The corner trees and bearing trees, where there were such, were marked with blazes, with two hacks above and two below. In answer to a question on cross-examination, he said that he did not begin the survey at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner at the three forks at the mouth of the Lampasas, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. The field book containing the same, which I kept, I examined, which I don't remember to examine until a month ago, and as hereinbefore stated."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff, in rebuttal to Johnson's testimony, as above set forth, it appearing that said Johnson died in 1884, offered to read in evidence a deposition of said Johnson, taken in 1860 in a certain suit then pending in Bell County, Texas, wherein David Ayers was plaintiff and Lancaster was defendant, in which he stated, in answer to a question therein propounded, that he
 </p>
<p>
 "began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southwardly to the river. I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open; but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line. To the reading of which last-mentioned deposition, proven to be in the hand writing of Johnson, taken in 1860, the defendants objected upon the ground that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and, the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson as given in his deposition read by the defendants, notwithstanding the death of Johnson, which objection the court overruled, and admitted
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="398">
 Page 132 U. S. 398
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the testimony so objected to, to which ruling of the court the defendants then and there excepted, and still except, and the same is allowed as exception No. 1. "
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="401">
 Page 132 U. S. 401
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MILLER, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 A very earnest and able argument is presented to us to sustain this ruling upon the general ground of the liberality of courts in admitting what would be otherwise called "hearsay evidence" in regard to boundaries, such as tradition, general understanding in the neighborhood, declarations of persons familiar with the boundaries and with the objects on the lines of the survey, and others of similar character. An opinion of MR. JUSTICE FIELD, delivered in the Supreme Court of California in 1860 in the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, is much relied on in this case, and it is also said that the courts of the State of Texas have established the same principle, which has thus become a rule of property in that state which should be followed in this case. If the principles stated in the decision of the California court and in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the State of Texas were indeed applicable to the case before us, we would hesitate very much in reversing the judgment on this ground, and indeed should be inclined, on the weight of those authorities and in the belief that in the main they are sound, to overrule the exception. But
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="402">
 Page 132 U. S. 402
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the objection in the present case to the deposition of Johnson, taken in 1860, does not rest upon the ground that it is hearsay testimony, or that it does not come within the general principle which admits declarations of persons made during their lifetime of matters important to the location of surveys and objects showing the line of those surveys. Johnson's deposition of 1860, if it stood alone and was introduced upon the trial of this case for the first time as independent testimony in favor of plaintiffs, might be admissible. It is not necessary to decide that question, because such is not the character of the circumstances under which the testimony was admitted. As we have already said, there had been three trials of this action, during which Johnson was alive and was a competent witness for either party. All his testimony was given by way of deposition. This only renders the manner of taking it more deliberate, and if it was to be contradicted by anything he had said on former occasions, made it the more easy and reasonable that plaintiff should have called his attention to the former statements which they proposed to use. It will be observed that the plaintiffs did not introduce or offer to introduce this deposition of Johnson of 1860 as a part of their case, when it was their duty to introduce their testimony. They therefore did not rely on it as independent testimony in their favor. But after Johnson's deposition had been given in the case itself, and he had been cross-examined by the plaintiffs in that deposition in regard to his testimony, and after he was dead and could give no explanation of his previous testimony of 1860 which might show a mistake in that deposition or give some satisfactory account of it consistent with his testimony in the principal case, this old deposition is for the first time brought forward to contradict the most important part of his testimony given on the present trial. The importance of this matter, as it was presented to the jury, will be readily understood when we revert to the fact that the two southern corners of the survey are established without question, and are found on the San Andres River, and the controversy concerns the question whether the east line and the west line of that survey, which are straight lines almost due north, extend so far north that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="403">
 Page 132 U. S. 403
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the northern line between these lines is so far north as to include the survey of Daws, under which plaintiff claims. In the principal deposition of Johnson, as we have seen by the bill of exceptions, he states that this survey commenced at the southwestern corner on the San Andres River, and was run northward the distance called for in the grant, and actually measured by the chain. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. From the northwest corner thus established, the second, the line was run for the course and distance called for in the grant, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries on Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner thus established, the course was run to the San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not necessary to measure the closing line. In answer to questions on cross-examination, he said he did not begin at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. He said the field book, containing these notes, "I kept and examined, which I do not remember to have examined till a month ago, as hereinbefore stated." The deposition offered by plaintiff states distinctly that he began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southward to the river. And he further says:
 </p>
<p>
 "I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open, but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 It was admitted that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for, and the witness on cross-examinations in the principal depositions read by the defendant in this case, being asked to account for this discrepancy, said, "The distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured." The discrepancy between these two depositions is manifest, and that discrepancy is in a matter which relates directly to the question whether the Moreno grant as it
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="404">
 Page 132 U. S. 404
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 was surveyed included the land embraced within the Daws grant, under which plaintiff asserts claim. If the jury believed in the truth of the depositions of Johnson taken by the defendant in this case at which he was cross-examined by the plaintiff, it affords the strongest evidence that the Daws claim was included in the lines of the Moreno survey. This deposition is supported by the field notes and by the reference of Johnson himself to those field notes a very little while before he gave his deposition. If, on the contrary, the eastern line was the one which was actually run and measured, beginning at the southeast corner of the survey on the San Andres River, then the fact that that line was actually run and measured would probably have a very great influence in the mind of the jury on the question in issue. And whether this was so or not, the contradictory statements of Johnson under oath might destroy the value of his testimony before the jury.
 </p>
<p>
 The circumstances under which the former statements of a witness in regard to the subject matter of his testimony, when examined in the principal case, can be introduced to contradict or impeach his testimony are well settled, and are the same whether his testimony in the principal case is given orally in court before the jury, or is taken by deposition afterwards read to them. In all such cases, even where the matter occurs on the spur of the moment in a trial before a jury, and where the objectionable testimony may then come for the first time to the knowledge of the opposite party, it is the rule that before those former declarations can be used to impeach or contradict the witness, his attention must be called to what may be brought forward for that purpose, and this must be done with great particularity as to time and place and circumstances, so that he can deny it, or make any explanation intending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is now testifying. While the courts have been somewhat liberal in giving the opposing party an opportunity to present to the witness the matter in which they propose to contradict him, even going so far as to permit him to be recalled and cross-examined on that subject after he has left the stand, it is believed that in no case has any court deliberately held that after the witness'
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="405">
 Page 132 U. S. 405
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by his death he is placed beyond the reach of any power of explanation, then in another trial such contradictory declarations, whether by deposition or otherwise, can be used to impeach his testimony. Least of all would this seem to be admissible in the present case, where three trials had been had before a jury, in each of which the same testimony of the witness Johnson had been introduced and relied on, and in each of which he had been cross-examined, and no reference made to his former deposition nor any attempt to call his attention to it. This principle of the rule of evidence is so well understood that authorities are not necessary to be cited. It is so well stated, with its qualifications and the reasons for it, by Mr. Greenleaf in his work on Evidence, vol. 1, in §§ 462-464, inclusive, that nothing need be added to it here except a reference to the decisions cited in his notes to those sections.
 <em>
 See also Weir v. McGee,
 </em>
 25 Tex.Supp. 20, 32.
 </p>
<p>
 It will thus be seen that the principle on which counsel for plaintiff in error objected to this deposition of Johnson is not in conflict with the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, nor with any case to which we are cited, decided by the Supreme Court of Texas. That ground, as stated in the bill of exceptions, is
 </p>
<p>
 "that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence, nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson, as given in his deposition read by the defendant, notwithstanding the death of Johnson."
 </p>
<p>
 We are very clear that the deposition of 1860 was improperly admitted, and its important relation to the issue tried by the jury was such that the judgment rendered on it must be reversed, and the verdict set aside, and a new trial granted. There are other assignments of error, the consideration of which is not necessary in the decision of the case before us,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="406">
 Page 132 U. S. 406
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 which, with due attention to what we decided when the case was here before, to which we still adhere, may not arise in another trial.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Reversed.
 </em>
</p>
<br/>
<br/>
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 ',
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 '
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 Ayers v. Watson - 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 Ayers v. Watson, 132 U.S. 394 (1889)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 Ayers v. Watson
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 No. 119
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued November 18, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided December 9, 1889
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 132 U.S. 394
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 Before former declarations of a witness can be used to impeach or contradict his testimony, his attention must be drawn to what may be brought forward for that purpose, with particularity as to time, place and circumstance, so that he can deny it or make any explanation tending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is testifying.
 </p>
<p>
 After a witness' testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by death he is placed beyond the power of explanation, then, in another trial had after his death, former declarations by him, whether by deposition or otherwise, contradictory to those made by him in that testimony cannot for the first time be brought forward and used to impeach it.
 </p>
<p>
 This is the same cause brought here and heard at October term, 1884, and reported
 <span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 1
 </a>
</span>
 l3 U.S. 594. The case now made is thus stated in the opinion of the Court:
 </p>
<p>
 This is an action of ejectment brought by Watson, the original plaintiff, in the District Court for the County of Bell, in the State of Texas, and afterwards removed into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern District of that state. It was twice tried before a jury, which failed in each of these trials to come to an agreement. It was tried a third time, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. A writ of error was taken to that judgment, by which it was brought to this Court and reversed. The case is reported as
 <em>
 Ayers v. Watson,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/85137/ayers-vs-watson">
 113 U. S. 594
 </a>
</span>
 . It was thereupon remanded to the circuit court for a new trial, where a verdict was again had for the plaintiff, and the judgment rendered on that verdict is before us for review.
 </p>
<p>
 The details of the controversy may be found in the report of the case above mentioned. While it was pending in the district court of Bell County, the following agreement between the parties was made, which simplifies the case very much:
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="395">
 Page 132 U. S. 395
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 "A. E. Watson"
 </p>
<p>
 "v."
 </p>
<p>
 "Frank Ayers
 <em>
 et al.
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 "It is agreed and admitted by the defendants for the purpose of this trial at this term of the court that A. E. Watson, plaintiff in this cause, is entitled to all the right, title, and interest granted by the State of Texas to the heirs of Walter W. Daws on September 16, A.D. 1850, said land patented being one-third of a league, described in said patent No. 542, vol. 8, and which said land is described in plaintiff's petition; but defendants say that said one-third of a league of land so patented as aforesaid to the heirs of Walter W. Daws is covered by the grant of the government of Coahuila and Texas to Maximo Moreno of eleven leagues of land, as set forth more fully in defendants' petition, which said eleven-league grant is an older and superior title to that of plaintiff's, and the title to which is in the defendants in this cause."
 </p>
<p>
 "X. B. SAUNDERS"
 </p>
<p>
 "W. T. RUCKER"
 </p>
<p>
 "F. H. SLEEPER, and"
 </p>
<p>
 "A. M. MONTEITH"
 </p>
<p>
 "
 <em>
 Attys. for Defendants
 </em>
 "
 </p>
<p>
 By this agreement, it will be seen that the sole question at issue was whether the land in controversy was covered by the eleven-league grant to Maximo Moreno. A plat of that survey is found in the bill of exceptions. On the trial, which resulted in the judgment which we are now called to reconsider and which, as we understand it, was the fourth time the case had been tried by a jury, the defendant introduced the deposition of F. W. Johnson, the surveyor who had made the survey under the Moreno grant. It seems that his deposition had been taken twice in this action, and, though the details of those trials are not before us, it had no doubt been used in them. But prior to the trial which we are now reviewing, he had died. It appears from the bill of exceptions that in these depositions, he had been cross-examined by plaintiff's counsel. Plaintiff, in rebuttal to this testimony of Johnson, offered
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="396">
 Page 132 U. S. 396
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in evidence a deposition of the said Johnson taken in 1860 in a suit between other parties in which his testimony with regard to the matters to which he testified in the depositions offered by defendant varied materially from these latter depositions. To the introduction of this deposition of 1860 the defendants objected, and, their objection being overruled, took this exception. As we think the judgment of the court below must be reversed on account of this ruling, all that relates to it in the bill of exceptions is here reproduced:
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by both parties that the upper and lower corners on the river of the Maximo Moreno eleven-league grant are extant as called for in the original grant to Maximo Moreno, and their corners are not in dispute."
 </p>
<p>
 "The defendant read in evidence the depositions of F. W. Johnson, taken in 1878 and 1880, in which he testified that he was principal survey or for Austin's colony. . . . The first survey made was the Maximo Moreno eleven-league survey. This survey was commenced at the point opposite the mouth of the Lampasas River, as called for in the field notes of the grant, and a line was run thence on the course called for in the grant, the distance called for, the chain being used to measure the distance. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was thus established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. In running the west line, I made an offset to avoid crossing the Leon River, which was about 50 or 60 vrs. wide. This offset was made soon after leaving the beginning corner, there being a peculiar bend in the river at that point. From the northwest corner thus established, the second line was run the course and distance called for in the grant. Several streams were crossed on this line at distances not now recollected, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries in Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner so established, a line was run in the course called for in the grant to San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not usual or necessary to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 "It was admitted by the defendant that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="397">
 Page 132 U. S. 397
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for -- that is, the distance is 7,500 instead of 3,500 varas, and on cross-examination, being asked to account for the discrepancy, said the distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured. The exterior lines were marked with blazes. The corner trees and bearing trees, where there were such, were marked with blazes, with two hacks above and two below. In answer to a question on cross-examination, he said that he did not begin the survey at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner at the three forks at the mouth of the Lampasas, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. The field book containing the same, which I kept, I examined, which I don't remember to examine until a month ago, and as hereinbefore stated."
 </p>
<p>
 The plaintiff, in rebuttal to Johnson's testimony, as above set forth, it appearing that said Johnson died in 1884, offered to read in evidence a deposition of said Johnson, taken in 1860 in a certain suit then pending in Bell County, Texas, wherein David Ayers was plaintiff and Lancaster was defendant, in which he stated, in answer to a question therein propounded, that he
 </p>
<p>
 "began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southwardly to the river. I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open; but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line. To the reading of which last-mentioned deposition, proven to be in the hand writing of Johnson, taken in 1860, the defendants objected upon the ground that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and, the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson as given in his deposition read by the defendants, notwithstanding the death of Johnson, which objection the court overruled, and admitted
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="398">
 Page 132 U. S. 398
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the testimony so objected to, to which ruling of the court the defendants then and there excepted, and still except, and the same is allowed as exception No. 1. "
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="401">
 Page 132 U. S. 401
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MILLER, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 A very earnest and able argument is presented to us to sustain this ruling upon the general ground of the liberality of courts in admitting what would be otherwise called "hearsay evidence" in regard to boundaries, such as tradition, general understanding in the neighborhood, declarations of persons familiar with the boundaries and with the objects on the lines of the survey, and others of similar character. An opinion of MR. JUSTICE FIELD, delivered in the Supreme Court of California in 1860 in the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, is much relied on in this case, and it is also said that the courts of the State of Texas have established the same principle, which has thus become a rule of property in that state which should be followed in this case. If the principles stated in the decision of the California court and in the decisions of the Supreme Court of the State of Texas were indeed applicable to the case before us, we would hesitate very much in reversing the judgment on this ground, and indeed should be inclined, on the weight of those authorities and in the belief that in the main they are sound, to overrule the exception. But
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="402">
 Page 132 U. S. 402
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the objection in the present case to the deposition of Johnson, taken in 1860, does not rest upon the ground that it is hearsay testimony, or that it does not come within the general principle which admits declarations of persons made during their lifetime of matters important to the location of surveys and objects showing the line of those surveys. Johnson's deposition of 1860, if it stood alone and was introduced upon the trial of this case for the first time as independent testimony in favor of plaintiffs, might be admissible. It is not necessary to decide that question, because such is not the character of the circumstances under which the testimony was admitted. As we have already said, there had been three trials of this action, during which Johnson was alive and was a competent witness for either party. All his testimony was given by way of deposition. This only renders the manner of taking it more deliberate, and if it was to be contradicted by anything he had said on former occasions, made it the more easy and reasonable that plaintiff should have called his attention to the former statements which they proposed to use. It will be observed that the plaintiffs did not introduce or offer to introduce this deposition of Johnson of 1860 as a part of their case, when it was their duty to introduce their testimony. They therefore did not rely on it as independent testimony in their favor. But after Johnson's deposition had been given in the case itself, and he had been cross-examined by the plaintiffs in that deposition in regard to his testimony, and after he was dead and could give no explanation of his previous testimony of 1860 which might show a mistake in that deposition or give some satisfactory account of it consistent with his testimony in the principal case, this old deposition is for the first time brought forward to contradict the most important part of his testimony given on the present trial. The importance of this matter, as it was presented to the jury, will be readily understood when we revert to the fact that the two southern corners of the survey are established without question, and are found on the San Andres River, and the controversy concerns the question whether the east line and the west line of that survey, which are straight lines almost due north, extend so far north that
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="403">
 Page 132 U. S. 403
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the northern line between these lines is so far north as to include the survey of Daws, under which plaintiff claims. In the principal deposition of Johnson, as we have seen by the bill of exceptions, he states that this survey commenced at the southwestern corner on the San Andres River, and was run northward the distance called for in the grant, and actually measured by the chain. The northwest or second corner called for in the grant was established by him, the distance giving out in the prairie. From the northwest corner thus established, the second, the line was run for the course and distance called for in the grant, and the northeast corner established on two small hackberries on Cow Creek Bottom. From the northeast or third corner thus established, the course was run to the San Andres River. This last line was marked, but not measured, because it was not necessary to measure the closing line. In answer to questions on cross-examination, he said he did not begin at the southeast corner, but he began at the southwest corner, and actually traced the lines in the order set forth in the field notes. He said the field book, containing these notes, "I kept and examined, which I do not remember to have examined till a month ago, as hereinbefore stated." The deposition offered by plaintiff states distinctly that he began the Moreno survey at the southeast corner, and ran thence northerly. The north line was then run westwardly, and the third, if run at all, was run southward to the river. And he further says:
 </p>
<p>
 "I am of the opinion that no western line was run, but was left open, but the eastern and northern lines were run and measured. It was not usual to measure the closing line."
 </p>
<p>
 It was admitted that the distance as measured on the ground from the northeast corner to a creek called for in the grant was some four thousand varas more than the distance called for, and the witness on cross-examinations in the principal depositions read by the defendant in this case, being asked to account for this discrepancy, said, "The distances called on that line were not measured, but guessed at. No part of the east line was measured." The discrepancy between these two depositions is manifest, and that discrepancy is in a matter which relates directly to the question whether the Moreno grant as it
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="404">
 Page 132 U. S. 404
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 was surveyed included the land embraced within the Daws grant, under which plaintiff asserts claim. If the jury believed in the truth of the depositions of Johnson taken by the defendant in this case at which he was cross-examined by the plaintiff, it affords the strongest evidence that the Daws claim was included in the lines of the Moreno survey. This deposition is supported by the field notes and by the reference of Johnson himself to those field notes a very little while before he gave his deposition. If, on the contrary, the eastern line was the one which was actually run and measured, beginning at the southeast corner of the survey on the San Andres River, then the fact that that line was actually run and measured would probably have a very great influence in the mind of the jury on the question in issue. And whether this was so or not, the contradictory statements of Johnson under oath might destroy the value of his testimony before the jury.
 </p>
<p>
 The circumstances under which the former statements of a witness in regard to the subject matter of his testimony, when examined in the principal case, can be introduced to contradict or impeach his testimony are well settled, and are the same whether his testimony in the principal case is given orally in court before the jury, or is taken by deposition afterwards read to them. In all such cases, even where the matter occurs on the spur of the moment in a trial before a jury, and where the objectionable testimony may then come for the first time to the knowledge of the opposite party, it is the rule that before those former declarations can be used to impeach or contradict the witness, his attention must be called to what may be brought forward for that purpose, and this must be done with great particularity as to time and place and circumstances, so that he can deny it, or make any explanation intending to reconcile what he formerly said with what he is now testifying. While the courts have been somewhat liberal in giving the opposing party an opportunity to present to the witness the matter in which they propose to contradict him, even going so far as to permit him to be recalled and cross-examined on that subject after he has left the stand, it is believed that in no case has any court deliberately held that after the witness'
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="405">
 Page 132 U. S. 405
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 testimony has been taken, committed to writing, and used in the court, and by his death he is placed beyond the reach of any power of explanation, then in another trial such contradictory declarations, whether by deposition or otherwise, can be used to impeach his testimony. Least of all would this seem to be admissible in the present case, where three trials had been had before a jury, in each of which the same testimony of the witness Johnson had been introduced and relied on, and in each of which he had been cross-examined, and no reference made to his former deposition nor any attempt to call his attention to it. This principle of the rule of evidence is so well understood that authorities are not necessary to be cited. It is so well stated, with its qualifications and the reasons for it, by Mr. Greenleaf in his work on Evidence, vol. 1, in §§ 462-464, inclusive, that nothing need be added to it here except a reference to the decisions cited in his notes to those sections.
 <em>
 See also Weir v. McGee,
 </em>
 25 Tex.Supp. 20, 32.
 </p>
<p>
 It will thus be seen that the principle on which counsel for plaintiff in error objected to this deposition of Johnson is not in conflict with the case of
 <em>
 Morton v. Folger,
 </em>
 15 Cal. 277, nor with any case to which we are cited, decided by the Supreme Court of Texas. That ground, as stated in the bill of exceptions, is
 </p>
<p>
 "that the deposition had been taken in another and different cause, between other parties, before the institution of this suit, and the same witness having testified in answer to interrogatories and cross-interrogatories propounded herein in 1877 and 1880, respectively, it was not competent as original evidence, nor admissible to contradict or impeach the testimony of the witness Johnson, as given in his deposition read by the defendant, notwithstanding the death of Johnson."
 </p>
<p>
 We are very clear that the deposition of 1860 was improperly admitted, and its important relation to the issue tried by the jury was such that the judgment rendered on it must be reversed, and the verdict set aside, and a new trial granted. There are other assignments of error, the consideration of which is not necessary in the decision of the case before us,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="406">
 Page 132 U. S. 406
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 which, with due attention to what we decided when the case was here before, to which we still adhere, may not arise in another trial.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Reversed.
 </em>
</p>
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PERSON: Ayers, Watson, Watson, Ayers, Watson, A. E. Watson, Frank Ayers, al, A. E. Watson, Walter W. Daws, Walter W. Daws, Maximo Moreno, X. B. SAUNDERS, W. T. RUCKER, Maximo Moreno, F. W. Johnson, Moreno, Johnson, Johnson, Maximo Moreno, F. W. Johnson, Austin, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, David Ayers, Lancaster, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, MILLER, Morton, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, Daws, Johnson, Moreno, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, Greenleaf, Weir, McGee, Supp, Johnson, Morton, Johnson, Johnson

GPE: U.S., U.S., U.S., U.S., the County of Bell, the State of Texas, the United States, Bell County, Coahuila, Texas, San Andres River, Lampasas, Bell County, Texas, MR, MR, California, §, Texas

DATE: 1889, 1889, November 18, 1889, December 9, 1889, October, 1884, September 16, A.D. 1850, 1860, 1860, 1878, 1880, a month ago, 1884, 1860, 1860, 1877, 1880, 1860, 1860, 1860, 1860, 1860, a month ago, 32, 1877, 1880, 1860

ORG: U.S. Supreme Court, Syllabus, Court, the District Court, the Circuit Court, Court, the State of Texas, Page 132 U. S. 396 , Moreno, Court, the Supreme Court of California, the State of Texas, the Supreme Court, Moreno, Moreno, the Supreme Court

CARDINAL: 132, 119, 132, one-third, 542, 8, one-third, eleven, eleven, eleven, eleven, eleven, about 50, 60, two, some four thousand, 7,500, 3,500, two, two, three, 1, 15, 277, three, two, two, some four thousand, two, three, 1, 462, 25, 20, 15, 277

ORDINAL: first, third, fourth, first, second, second, third, third, first, first, second, second, third, third, first

LOC: the Northern District, the Lampasas River, the Leon River, the San Andres River, the San Andres River, the San Andres River

PERCENT: 113 U. S. 594

PRODUCT: Folger, Daws, Folger

WORK_OF_ART: Evidence