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Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....appears from the context- "Court"- includes all Judges and Magistrates, and all persons, except arbitrators, legally authorized to take evidence. "Fact" " "Fact" means and includes- (1) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the sense; (2) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. Illustrations (a) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is a fact. (b) That a man heard or saw something is a fact. (c) That a man said certain words is a fact. (d) That a man holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in goods faith or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particulars sensation, is a fact. (e) That a man has a certain reputation is a fact. "Relevant" " One fact is said to be relevant to another when the one is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Act relating to the relevancy of facts. "Facts in issue" " The expression "facts in issue" means and includes " any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence,.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Part 1

Title: Relevancy of Facts

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....the context:- "Court".-Court" includes all Judges1 and Magistrates, 2 and all persons, except arbitrators, legally authorized to take evidence. "Fact".-"Fact" means and includes- (1) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the senses; (2) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. Illustrations (a) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is a fact. (b) That a man heard or saw something, is a fact. (c) That a man said certain words, is a fact. (d) That a man holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good faith or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact. (e) That a man has a certain reputation, is a fact. "Relevant".-One fact is said to be relevant to another when the one is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Act relating to the relevancy of facts. "Facts in issue".-The expression "facts in issue" means and includes--any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence,.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Chapter 2

Title: Of the Relevancy of Facts

State: Central

Year: 1872

Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence or non-existence of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and of no others. Explanation.-This section shall not enable any person to give evidence of a fact which he is disentitled to prove by any provision of the law for the time being in force relating to civil procedure1 . Illustrations (a) A is tried for the murder of B by beating him with a club with the intention of causing his death. At A's trial the following facts are in issue:- A's beating B with the club; A's causing B's death by such beating; A's intention to cause B's death. (b) A suitor does not bring with him, and have in readiness for production at the first hearing of the case, a bond on which he relies. This section does not enable him to produce the bond or prove its contents at a subsequent stage of the proceedings, otherwise than in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure. _______________________ 1. See now the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) Section 6 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction Facts which, though not.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Section 11

Title: When Facts Not Otherwise Relevant Become Relevant

State: Central

Year: 1872

Facts not otherwise relevant are relevant (1) if they are inconsistent with any fact in issue or relevant fact; (2) if by themselves or in connection with other facts they make the existence or non-existence of any fact in issue or relevant fact highly probable or improbable. Illustrations (a) The question is whether A committed a crime at Calcutta on a certain day. The fact that, on that day, A was at Lahore is relevant. The fact that, near the time when the crime was committed, A was at a distance from the place where it was committed, which would render it highly improbable, though not impossible, that he committed it, is relevant. (b) The question is, whether A committed a crime. The circumstances are such that the crime must have been committed either by A, B, C or D. Every fact which shows that the crime could have been committed by none else and that it was not committed by either B, C or D is relevant.

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1898

.....as such Magistrate, exercised the powers of an Assistant Sessions Judge, he may be invested with the powers under this section notwithstanding the fact that he has not exercised the powers of Magistrate of the first class for not less than ten years." Act 19 of 1969, Section 3 and Schedule, Item 14 (in Delhi on 2-10-1969). WEST BENGAL In its application to the State of West Bengal, for Section 30, substitute the following, namely: "30. Offences punishment with imprisonment not exceeding seven years.-Notwithstanding any thing contained in Section 28 or Section 29, the State Government may, in consultation with the High Court, invest any Judicial Magistrate of the first class with power to try as a Magistrate all offences not punishable with death or with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years : Provided that no Judicial Magistrate of the first class has, prior to his appointment as such powers unless he has, for not less than ten years, exercised powers not inferior to those of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class : Provided further that if any Judicial Magistrate of the first class has, prior to his appointment as such Magistrate,.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Section 21

Title: Proof of Admissions Against Persons Making Them, and by or on their Behalf

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....and dated at Lahore on that day, and bearing the Lahore post mark of that day. The statement in the date of the letter is admissible, because, if A were dead, it would be admissible under section 32, clause (2). (d) A is accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen. He offers to prove that he refused to sell them below their value. A may prove these statements, though they are admissions, because they are explanatory of conduct influenced by facts in issue. (e) A is accused of fraudulently having in his possession counterfeit coin which he knew to be counterfeit. He offers to prove that he asked a skillful person to examine the coin as he doubted whether it was counterfeit or not, and that the person did examine it and told him it was genuine. A may prove these facts for the reasons stated in the last preceding illustration.

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Section 52

Title: In Civil Cases Character to Prove Conduct Imputed, Irrelevant

State: Central

Year: 1872

In civil cases, the fad that the character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbable any conduct imputed to him, is irrelevant, except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Part 3

Title: Production and Effect of Evidence

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....PROOF Section 101 - Burden of proof Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist. When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person. Illustrations (a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. A must prove that B has committed the crime. (b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true. A must prove the existence of those facts. Section 102 - On whom burden of proof lies The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side. Illustrations (a) A sues B for land of which B is in possession, and which, as A asserts, was left to A by the will of C, B's father. If no evidence were given on either side, B would be entitled to retain his possession. Therefore the burden of proof is on A. (b) A sues B for money due on a bond. .....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Chapter 7

Title: Of the Burden of Proof

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist. When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person. Illustrations (a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. A must prove that B has committed the crime. (b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true. A must prove the existence of those facts. Section 102 - On whom burden of proof lies The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side. Illustrations (a) A sues B for land of which B is in possession, and which, as A asserts, was left to A by the will of C, B's father. If no evidence were given on either side, B would be entitled to retain his possession. Therefore the burden of proof is on A. (b) A sues B for money due on a bond. The execution of the bond is admitted, but B.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Section 114

Title: Court May Presume Existence of Certain Facts

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....to have happened, regard being had to the common course of natural events, human conduct and public and private business, in their relation to the facts of the particular case. Illustrations The Court may presume (a) That a man who is in possession of stolen goods soon after the theft is either the theft or has received the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless he can account for his possession; (b) That an accomplice is unworthy of credit, unless he is corroborated in material particulars; (c) That a bill of exchange, accepted or endorsed, was accepted or endorsed for good consideration; (d) That a thing or stale of things which has been shown to be in existence within a period shorter than that within which such things or slate of things usually cease to exist, is still in existence; (e) That judicial and official acts have been regularly performed. (f) That the common course of business has been followed in particular cases; (g) That evidence which could be and is not produced would, if produced, be unfavourable to the person who withholds it; (h) That if a man refuses to answer a question which he is not compelled to answer by law, the answer, if given.....