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Indian Evidence Act 1872 Chapter 8

Title: Estoppel

State: Central

Year: 1872

When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing. Illustration A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it. The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title. Section 116 - Estoppel of tenant; and of licensee of person in possession No tenant of immovable property, or person claiming through such tenant, shall, during the continuance of the tenancy, be permitted to deny that the landlord of such tenant had, at the beginning of the tenancy, a title to such immovable property; and no person who came upon any immovable property by the license of the person in possession thereof, shall be permitted to deny that such person had a title to such possession at the time when such.....

Representation of the People Act, 1951 Section 39A

Title: Allocation of Equitable Sharing of Time

State: Central

Year: 1951

.....candidates under section 38 for the election and shall be valid till forty-eight hours before the hour fixed for poll for such election. (3) The allocation of equitable sharing of time under sub-section (1)shall be binding on all political parties concerned. (4) The Election Commission may, for the purposes of this section, make code of conduct for cable operators and electronic media and the cable operators and every person managing or responsible for the management of the electronic media shall abide by such code of conduct. Explanation.--For the purposes of this section,-- (a) "electronic media" includes radio and any other broadcasting media notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette; (b) "cable television network" and "cable operator" have the meanings respectively assigned to them under the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995(7 of 1995).'] ______________________ 1. Inserted by Election and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2003 (46 of 2003).

Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Section 21

Title: Determination of Equitable Benefit Sharing by National Biodiversity Authority

State: Central

Year: 2002

(1) The National Biodiversity Authority shall while granting approvals under section 19 or section 20 ensure that the terms and conditions subject to which approval is granted secures equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of accessed biological resources, their by-products, innovations and practices associated with their use and applications and knowledge relating thereto in accordance with mutually agreed terms and conditions between the person applying for such approval, local bodies concerned and the benefit claimers. (2) The National Biodiversity Authority shall, subject to any regulations made in this behalf, determine the benefit sharing which shall be given effect in all or any of the following manner, namely:-- (a) grant of joint ownership of intellectual property rights to the National Biodiversity Authority, or where benefit claimers are identified, to such benefit claimers; (b) transfer of technology; (c) location of production, research and development units in such areas which will facilitate better living standards to the benefit claimers; (d) association of Indian scientists, benefit claimers and the local people with research and.....

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1898

.....as such Magistrate, exercised the powers of an Assistant Sessions Judge, he may be invested with the powers under this section notwithstanding the fact that he has not exercised the powers of Magistrate of the first class for not less than ten years." Act 19 of 1969, Section 3 and Schedule, Item 14 (in Delhi on 2-10-1969). WEST BENGAL In its application to the State of West Bengal, for Section 30, substitute the following, namely: "30. Offences punishment with imprisonment not exceeding seven years.-Notwithstanding any thing contained in Section 28 or Section 29, the State Government may, in consultation with the High Court, invest any Judicial Magistrate of the first class with power to try as a Magistrate all offences not punishable with death or with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years : Provided that no Judicial Magistrate of the first class has, prior to his appointment as such powers unless he has, for not less than ten years, exercised powers not inferior to those of a Judicial Magistrate of the first class : Provided further that if any Judicial Magistrate of the first class has, prior to his appointment as such Magistrate,.....

Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Complete Act

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....appears from the context- "Court"- includes all Judges and Magistrates, and all persons, except arbitrators, legally authorized to take evidence. "Fact" " "Fact" means and includes- (1) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the sense; (2) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. Illustrations (a) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is a fact. (b) That a man heard or saw something is a fact. (c) That a man said certain words is a fact. (d) That a man holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in goods faith or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particulars sensation, is a fact. (e) That a man has a certain reputation is a fact. "Relevant" " One fact is said to be relevant to another when the one is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Act relating to the relevancy of facts. "Facts in issue" " The expression "facts in issue" means and includes " any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence,.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Part 3

Title: Production and Effect of Evidence

State: Central

Year: 1872

.....PROOF Section 101 - Burden of proof Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts, must prove that those facts exist. When a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person. Illustrations (a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. A must prove that B has committed the crime. (b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true. A must prove the existence of those facts. Section 102 - On whom burden of proof lies The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side. Illustrations (a) A sues B for land of which B is in possession, and which, as A asserts, was left to A by the will of C, B's father. If no evidence were given on either side, B would be entitled to retain his possession. Therefore the burden of proof is on A. (b) A sues B for money due on a bond. .....

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Chapter XIII

Title: Special Rules of Evidence

State: Central

Year: 1881

.....- Presumption on proof of protest In a suit upon an instrument which has been dishonoured, the Court shall, on proof of the protest, presume the fact of dishonour, unless and until such fact is disproved. Section 120 - Estoppel against denying original validity of instrument No maker of a promissory note, and no drawer of a bill of exchange or cheque, and no acceptor of a bill of exchange for the honour of the drawer shall, in a suit thereon by a holder in due course, be permitted to deny the validity of the instrument as originally made or drawn. Section 121 - Estoppel against denying capacity of payee to indorse No maker of a promissory note and no acceptor of a bill of exchange1[payable to ord er] sh all, in a suit thereon by a holder in due course, be permitted to deny the payee's capacity, at the rate of the note or bill, to indorse the same. ___________________ 1. Substituted by Act 8 of 1919, sec. 5, for "payable to, or to the order of, a specified person". Section 122 - Estoppel against denying signature or capacity of prior party No indorser of a negotiable instrument shall, in a suit thereon by a subsequent holder, be permitted to deny the.....

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 Appendix A

Title: Pleadings

State: Central

Year: 1908

.....dayof ........................till the ........................ dayof........................ 4. [Facts showing when the cause ofaction arose and that the Court has jurisdiction.] 5. The value of the subject-matter of the suit for the purpose of jurisdictionis........................ rupees and for the purpose of court-fees is........................rupees. 6. The plaintiff claims ........................ rupees, with interest at........................ per cent, from ........................ the........................ day of ........................ 19.../20......... No.2 moneyoverpaid (Title) A.B.,the above-named plaintiff, states as follows:-- 1. On the ........................ day of ........................ 19 ............/20............ the plaintiff agreed to buy and the defendant agreed tosell ........................ bars of silver at ........................ annasper tola of fine silver. 2. The plaintiff procured the said bars to be assayed by E.F., who was paid by the defendant for such assay, and E.F. declared each of the bars to contain 1,500 tolas of fine silver, andthe plaintiff accordingly paid the defendant.....

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Complete Act

Title: Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

State: Central

Year: 1881

.....for unlawful consideration Section59 - Instrument acquired after dishonour or when overdue Section60 - Instrument negotiable till payment or satisfaction Chapter V Section61 - Presentment for acceptance Section62 - Presentment of promissory note for sight Section63 - Drawee's time for deliberation Section64 - Presentment for payment Section65 - Hours for presentment Section66 - Presentment for payment of instrument payable after date or sight Section67 - Presentment for payment of promissory note payable by instalments Section68 - Presentment for payment of instrument payable at specified place and not elsewhere Section69 - Instrument payable at specified place Section70 - Presentment where no exclusive place specified Section71 - Presentment when maker, etc., has no known place of business or residence Section72 - Presentment of cheque to charge drawer Section73 - Presentment of cheque to charge any other person Section74 - Presentment of instrument payable on demand Section75 - Presentment by or to agent, representative of deceased, or assignee of insolvent Section75A - Excuse for delay in presentment for acceptance or payment Section76 - When presentment.....

Indian Evidence Act 1872 Complete Act

Title: Indian Evidence Act 1872

State: Central

Year: 1872

..... Section2 - Repeal of enactments Section3 - Interpretation clause Section4 - "May presume" Chapter 2 Section5 - Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts Section6 - Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction Section7 - Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issue Section8 - Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conduct Section9 - Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant facts Section10 - Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common design Section11 - When facts not otherwise relevant become relevant Section12 - In suits for damages, facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant Section13 - Facts relevant when right or custom is in question Section14 - Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feeling Section15 - Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentional Section16 - Existence of course of business when relevant Section17 - Admission defined Section18 - Admission by party to proceeding or his agent by suitor in representative character Section19 - Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to.....