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Abbey, or Abby
Abbey, or Abby [fr. abbatia, Lat.], a place or house for religious retirement, governed by an abbess where nuns are, and by an abbot where monks reside. No fewer than 190 abbeys were dissolved by Henry VIII., the yearly revenue of which amounted to 2,853,000/. Per annum (an almost incredible sum, considering the value of money in those days), a great part of which went to Rome, the governors and governesses of several of the richest among them being foreigners resident in Italy. See 27 Hen. 8, c. 28, and 31 Hen. 8, c. 13, printed in supplement to vol. 16 of the 2nd ed. of the Statutes Revised....
Saladinetenth
Saladinetenth, a tax imposed in England and France, in 1188, by Pope Innocent III., to raise a fund for the crusade undertaken by Richard I. of England and Philip Augustus of France against Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, then going to besiege Jerusalem. By this tax every person who did not enter himself a crusader was obliged to pay a tenth of his yearly revenue and of the value of all his movables, except his wearing apparel, books, and arms. The Carthusians, Bernardines, and some other religious persons were exempt. Gibbon remarks that when the necessity for this tax no longer existed, the Church still clung to it as too lucrative to be abandoned, and thus arose the tithing of ecclesiastical benefices for the Pope or other sovereigns; and see the preamble to 23 Hen. 8, c. 20, wherein it is recited that the court of Rome exacted great sums of money under the title of annates or first-fruits, which were first suffered to be taken within the realm 'for thonelye defence of Cristen people ayen...
Pipe
Pipe, a roll in the Exchequer; otherwise called the great roll. The Pipe Rolls contained an account of the ancient revenue of the Crown, written out in process every year to the several sheriffs of England, who were the general receivers and collectors thereof, and by them levied and answered to the Crown upon their annual accounts, before the clerk of the pipe (First Rep. Of Select Com. on Pub. Rec., App. p. 161). The Pipe-office was abolished by 3 & 4 Wm. 4, c. 99. Consult Hubback on Succession, p. 624....
head of household
head of household :an unmarried individual who is not a surviving spouse and who maintains a household which for more than one-half of the taxable year is the principal abode of a person who qualifies as a dependent under section 2(b) of the Internal Revenue Code ...
Game
Game [fr. gaman, Sax.], all sorts of birds and beasts that are objects of the chase. The term is defined by the Game Act, 1831 (1 & 2 Wm. 4, c. 32), as including for the purposes of that Act 'hares, pheasants, partridges, grouse, heath or moor-game, black game, and bustards'; but some of its provisions are directed to trespass in pursuit of woodcocks, snipes, quails, land rails, and coneys.At Common Law game belongs to a tenant and not to a landlord, but leases frequently contain a reservation of the game to the landlord, and before the Game Act, 1831, the right to kill game was restricted to freeholders having 100l. a year freehold, or leaseholders having a 99 years' leasehold of 150l. a year, etc. This Act repeals the (English) Qualification Act of 22 & 23 Car. 2, c. 25, and (after giving the game to landlords in the case of leases made before the Act for less than 21 years-a provision now expired) protects reservations of game by penal provisions. The Act also requires all persons k...
Intoxicating liquor
Intoxicating liquor, the word 'intoxicating liquor' is not confined to potable liquor alone but would include all liquor which contain alcohol. Liquor should not only cover alcoholic liquor which is generally used for beverage purposes wand produce intoxication but would also include liquids containing alcohol, State of U.P. v. Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd., AIR 1980 SC 614: (1980) 2 SCR 531: (1980) 2 SCC 441. [Constitution of India, List II, 7th Sch., Entry 8]See also Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (1990) 1 SCC 109.Intoxicating liquors. The sale of intoxicating liquors by retail in England and Wales is now mainly regulated by the Licensing (Consolidation) Act, 1910 (10 Edw. 7 & 1 Geo. 5, c. 24), which repealed (see Sched. VII.) the whole or part of thirteen earlier Acts. The effect of this statute is shortly as follows:-1. Grant of Licence.--Defining 'intoxicating liquor' as meaning 'spirits, wine, beer, porter, cider, perry, and sweets, and any fermented, di...
Estate duty
Estate duty. A duty first levied by the (English) Finance Act, 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 30), upon the principal value of all property, real or personal, settled or not settled, which passes or is deemed to pass on the death of a person after 1st August, 1894. Property 'passing' on death includes gifts or dispositions by the deceased to another person within three years of death, the estate duty taking the place of the 'account duty,' leviable on such gifts within twelve months of death, by virtue of s. 38 of the (English) Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1881, as amended by s. 11 of the (English) Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1889. Property 'passing' on death includes also settled property, in which the life interest is surrendered to the remainderman by the tenant for life within the three years before the death of the tenant for life, by virtue of s. 11 of the Finance Act, 1900 (62 & 63 Vict. c. 7), passed to alter the law as laid down by the Court of Appeal in Attorney-General v. de ...
Income
Income, s. 4 of the Income-tax Act, defines the 'total income' to include all income, profits and gains from whatever source deprived. The definition of 'income' in Shaw Wallace & Co. case, 1932 (59) IA 206, as a periodical monetary return coming in with some sort of regularity, or expected regularity, from definite sources must be read with reference to the peculiar facts of that case. Money received 'under consequential loss policies, were income within the meaning of s. 2(6c) of the Income Tax Act, Raghuvanshi Mills Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, AIR 1953 SC 4: (1953) SCR 177.Income connotes a periodical monetary return 'coming in' with some sort of regularity, or expected regularity from definite sources, E.D. Sassoon and Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, AIR 1954 SC 470: (1955) 1 SCR 313.The expression 'income' in entry 54 of List I of the Seventh Schedule to the Government of India Act, 1935, and the corresponding entry 82 of List 1 of the Seventh Schedule to the Const...
Insurance
Insurance, see, Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), s. 80C, Expl. 1.Insurance, the act of providing against a possible loss, by entering into a contract with one who is willing to give assurance, that is, to bind himself to make good such loss should it occur. In this contract, the chances of benefit are equal to the insured and the insurer. The first actually pays a certain sum, and the latter undertakes to pay a larger, if an accident should happen. The one renders his property secure; the other receives money with the probability that it is clear gain. The instrument by which the contract is made is called a policy; the stipulated consideration, a premium. As to what is known as a coupon policy, i.e., a coupon cut out of a diary, etc., see General Accident, etc., Assce. Corpn. v. Robertson, 1909 AC 404.Insurable Interest must be possessed by the person taking out a policy; he must be so circumstanced as to have benefit from the existence of the person or thing insured, and some preju...
Stamp duties
Stamp duties, a branch of the revenue. They are a tax imposed on all parchment and paper whereon certain legal proceedings and certain private ins-truments re written; and on licences for various purposes.The consolidating Stamp Act, 1870, superseded the very numerous older enactments [in great part repealed by the (English) Inland Revenue Repeal Act, 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 90)] in regard to the duty on the various classes of instruments, but by s. 17 of the Stamp Act, 1870 (re-enacted by s. 14 of the Stamp Act, 1891), reversing the former law, see Buckworth v. Simpson, (1835) 1 CM&R 384, the stamp to be affixed to an unstamped document to render it admissible in evidence was not the stamp in accordance with the law at the time of affixing it, but the stamp in accordance with the law in force at the time when the document was first executed.Very important alterations in the law of stamps were effected by the Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1888. Prior to that Act it was no offence not ...
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