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Witness

Witness, is a person who testifies in a court, Webster Random House Dictionary, p. 1680.Witness, one who gives evidence in a cause.1. One who sees, knows, or vouches for something2. One who gives testimony, under oath or affirmation, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 1596.A witness must attend in court according to the requirement of his subp'na. If he has not been paid his lawful expenses, he may refuse to be sworn; but if he be once sworn, he must give his evidence. See OATH and AFFIRMATION.In civil cases, as a rule, husband and wife are competent and compellable witnesses against each other [Evidence Amendment Act, 1853 (16 & 17 Vict. c. 83), s. 1], but husbands and wives are not compellable to disclose communications between each other (s. 3 ibid.). As to criminal cases, see Criminal Evidence Act, 1898, as amended, and that title.A witness is not obliged to answer any question which tends to criminate him.On the application of either party, all the witnesses on both sides are or...


letter

letter 1 : a direct written statement addressed to an individual or organization ;broadly : an official communication see also counterletter determination letter : a letter from an administrative agency (as the Internal Revenue Service) usually in response to a request in which a determination, decision, or ruling (as whether an organization qualifies as charitable) is made information letter : a letter from an administrative agency usually in response to a request that provides information and esp. that simply calls attention to an interpretation or principle of law letter of intent : a letter in which the intention to enter into a formal agreement (as a contract) or to take some specified action is stated letter ro·ga·to·ry [-rō-gə-tȯr-ē] [probably partial translation of Medieval Latin littera rogatoria letter of request] : a formal written request by a court to a court in a foreign jurisdiction to summon and examine a witness in accordance...


Terms

Terms, the periods during which the superior courts at Westminster were open.The legal year consists of four terms: Michaelmas, Hilary, Easter, and Trinity (which see), the year beginning with Michaelmas Term.The commencement and duration of the terms were fixed by 11 Geo. 4 & 1 Wm. 4, c. 70, s. 6, and 1 Wm. 4, c. 3, s. 3. By the first of these enactments Hilary Term began on the 11th and ended on the 31st of January; Easter Term began on the 15th of April and ended on the 8th of May; Trinity Term began on the 22nd of May and ended on the 12th of June; and Michaelmas Term began on the 2nd and ended on the 25th of November. Vacations in the Equity Courts were regulated also by Cons. Ord. V.By the (English) Judicature Act, 1873, s. 26, now repealed, it was provided that the division of the legal year into terms should be abolished so far as relates to the administration of justice. But in all other cases in which, under the law previously existing, the terms into which the legal year is ...


Money lender

Money lender, a few disconnected and isolated transactions would not make a person engaged regularly in Money lending business, Ka Icildawallang v. U. Lokendra Sojour, AIR 1987 SC 2047. [Assam Money-lenders Act, (4 of 1934), s. 2(1)]--The (English) Money-lenders Act, 1900 (63 & 64 Vict. c. 51), by s. 6 defines the expression 'money-lender' therein as includingevery person whose business is that of money-lending, or who advertises or announces himself or holds himself out in any way as carrying on that business.but not including a pawnbroker (see that title), a Friendly, Building, or Loan Society (see those titles) or a corporation empowered by statute to lend money, orany person bona fide carrying on the business of banking or insurance or bona fide carrying on any business not having for its primary object the leading of money, in the course of which and for the purposes whereof he lends money; or any body corporate for the time being exempted from registration under this Act by order...


Newspaper

Newspaper, means any printed periodical work containing public news or comments on public news and includes such other class of printed periodical work as may, from time to time, be notified in this behalf by the Central Government in the Official Gazette. [Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1955 (45 of 1955), s. 2 (b)]The essential pre-requisite of a periodical work containing public news or comments on public news, P.S.V. Iyer v. Commissioner of Sales Tax, AIR 1960 Ori 221 (223). (Orissa Sales Tax Act, 1947)Any paper to be classified as a newspaper, would contain a report of recent events, Commissioner of Sales Taxi v. Express Printing Press, AIR 1983 Bom 190 (192). [Bombay Sales Act, (51 of 1959), s. 2(3)][s. 81, Indian Evidence Act]The expression 'newspaper' as defined in the Working Journalists and Other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act includes not merely 'public n...


Substantial question of law

Substantial question of law, the proper test for determining whether a question of law raised in the case is substantial would, in our opinion, be whether it is of general public importance or whether it directly and, substantially affects the rights of the parties and if so whether it is either an open question in the sense that it is not finally, settled by this court or by the Privy Council or by the Federal Court or is not free from difficulty or calls for discussion of alternative views. If the question is settled by the highest court or the general principles to be applied in determining the question are well-settled and there is a mere question of applying those principles or that the plea raised is palpably absurd the question would not be a substantial question of law, Chunilal V. Mehta v. Century Spq & Mfg. Co. Ltd., AIR 1962 SC 1314 (1318): 1962 Supp (3) SCR 549. [Constitution of India, Art. 133(1)]What is a substantial question of law would certainly depend upon fact and ci...


Offices of the Supreme Court

Offices of the Supreme Court. The offices of the Supreme Court are to be open every day except Sundays, Good Friday, Easter Eve, Monday and Tuesday in Easter Week, White Monday, the first Monday in August, Christmas-day and the next following working day, and all days appointed by proclamation to be observed as days of general fast, humiliation, or thanksgiving, the day appointed to be kept as the King's birthday, and such days as the Lord Chancellor, with the concurrence of the Lord Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls and the President of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division, shall direct, (English) R.S.C., Ord. LXIII., r. 6 (as amended)As to the vacations in the offices of the Supreme Court, see VACATION....


Reason to believe

Reason to believe, does not mean a purely subjective satisfaction. The belief must be held in good faith; it cannot be merely a pretence, S. Narayanappa v. CIT, Bangalore, AIR 1967 SC 523: (1967) 65 ITR 219: 1967 1 SCJ 161.Reason to believe, does not mean a purely subjective satisfaction. The believe must be held in good faith. It cannot be merely a pretence, S. Narayanappa v. C.I.T., Bangalore, 1967 ITR 219: AIR 1967 SC 523.Reason to believe, is not synonymous with subjective satisfaction of the officer. The belief must be held in good faith; it cannot merely be a pretence, Partap Singh v. Director of Enforcement, AIR 1985 SC 989: (1985) 3 SCC 72.Means that reasons should exist but the court will not go into the adequacy of such reason, Manchand & Co. v. CIT, West Bengal, AIR 1969 Cal 431.Means coming to the conclusion on the basis of the information that a thing, condition, statement or fact exists. It only means facts which prima facie will convince any reasonable person under the c...


May be accepted as evidence

May be accepted as evidence, indicate that there is no compulsion on the court to accept such transaction as evidence, but it is open to the court to treat them as evidence. Merely accepting them as evidence does not mean that the court is bound to treat them as reliable evidence, Land Acquisition Officer & Mandal Revenue Officer v. V. Narasaiah, (2001) 3 SCC 530....


If the High Court is of opinion

If the High Court is of opinion, the phrase 'if the High Court is of opinion' used by the legislature in the opening part of s. 100(1) of the Representation of Pepoles Act qualifies not only clause (a), but also clause (d) of the sub-section, Vidya Charan Shukla v. Purshottam Lal Kaushik, AIR 1981 SC 547: (1981) 2 SCC 84: (1981) 2 SCR 637....



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