Natural Right - Law Dictionary Search Results
Home Dictionary Name: natural right Page: 4Adverse possession
Adverse possession is that form of possession or occupancy of land which is inconsistent with the title of any person to whom the land rightfully belongs and tends to extinguish that person's title, see (English) Real Property Limitation Act, 1874 (37 & 38 Vict. c. 57), which provides that no person shall make an entry or distress, or bring an action to recover any land or rent, but within twelve years next after the time when the right first accrued, and does away with the doctrine of adverse possession, except in the cases provided for by s. 15. See Nepean v. Doe, (1837) 2 M. & W. 910.Possession is not held to be adverse if it can be referred to a lawful title, Doe v. Bightwen, 10 East 583; Wall v. Stanwick, 34 Ch D 763. Non-adverse possession is of two kinds. The title of the dispossessed may not be paramount, as in the case of a leasehold term when dispossession of the lessee is not necessarily inconsistent with the reversioner's rights, and secondly, the person setting up disposse...
Interlocutory order
Interlocutory order, it has to be construed in con-tradiction to or in contrast with final order. It means not a final order, but an intermediate order. It is made between the commencement of an action and the entry of the judgment, V.C. Shukla v. C.B.I., AIR 1980 SC 962 (976). (Order XXXIX, Rule 6, CPC, 1908)The term 'interlocutory order' in S. 397(2) of the 1973 Code (Cr. P.C.) has been used in a restricted sense and not in any broad or artistic sense. It merely denotes orders of a purely interim or temporary nature which do not decide or touch the important rights or the liabilities of the parties. Any order which substantially affects the right of the accused, or decides certain rights of the parties cannot be said to be an interlocutory order so as to bar a revision to the High Court against that order, because that would be against the very object which formed the basis for insertion of this particular provision in S. 397 of the 1973 Code, Amar Nath v. State of Haryana, AIR 1977 ...
Citizenship
Citizenship, citizenship is intimately connected with civic rights under municipal law. Hence, all citizens are nationals of a particular State, but all nationals may not be citizens of the State. In other words, citizens are those persons who have full political rights as distinguished from nationals, who may not enjoy full political rights and are still domiciled in that country, State Trading Corporation of India Ltd. v. Commercial Tax Officer, (1964) 4 SCR 89: AIR 1963 SC 1811 (1819).A person who, by either birth or naturalisation, is a member of a political community, owing allegiance to the community and being entitled to enjoy all its civil rights and protections; a member of a civil state, entitled to all its privileges, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.In India there is single citizenship. A person is a citizen of India, if (1) he has his domicile in the territory of India, and (a) he was born in the territory of India, or (b) either of whose parents was born in the territory o...
Extinguishment
Extinguishment, the annihilation of a collateral interest, or the supersedure of one interest by another and greater interest in that out of which it is derived. It is of various natures as applied to various rights.The cessation or cancellation of some right on interest, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 604.(1) Extinguishment of common. It he who is entitled to common appurtenant purchase any part of the land which is subject to his right of common, that right is extinguished for the whole; and so, if he release his right over any part of the land. But it has been justly doubted whether in any case, and especially if all persons who have common appurtenant in the same land concur in discharg-ing some part of it, this legal trap should be allowed to operate, Burton's Comp., 8th Edn. 352. If one of the tenants of a manor purchase any part of the land over which he has a right of common appendant, his right over the rest will continue. So, on the alienation of any part of land to whi...
Reasonable restriction
Reasonable restriction, the expression 'reasonable restriction' signifies that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature, beyond what is required in the interests of the public. The test of reasonableness, wherever prescribed, should be applied to each individual statute impugned, and no abstract standard, or general pattern of reasonableness can be laid down as applicable in all cases. The restriction which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in art. 19(1)(g) and the social control permitted by cl. (6) of art. 19, it must be held to be wanting in that quality, Bishamber Dayal Chandra Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1982 SC 33 (35): (1982) 1 SCC 39: (1982) 1 SCR 1137.The expression 'reasonable restrictions' signifies that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of that rig...
Religion
Religion, in a wide sense, therefore, is those fundamental principles which sustain life and without which life will not survive, Aruna Roy v. Union of India, (2002) 7 SCC 368.Religion, in Australia, the Constitution gives right to a person to follow his own religious belief and can freely exercise his religion, A Commentary on the Constitution of India, Durga Das Basu, Vol. D, p. 198.Religion, in Sri Lanka, the Constitution guarantees a citizen freedom of religion subject to the restrictions prescribed by law in the interest of national unity, integrity and security, A Commentary on the Constitution of India, Durga Das Basu, Vol. D, p. 200.Religion, in U.K., the Protestant Church headed by the Crown is by law established and built into the fabric of the English Constitution. The State has accepted the Protestant Church as a religious body reflecting the Christian faith, A Commentary on the Constitution of India, Durga Das Basu, Vol. D, p. 200.Religion, is a matter of faith stemming fr...
Uses
Uses (History). A use is the intention or purpose, express or implied, upon which property is to be held. The Common Law treated the actual possessor for all purposes as the owner of the property. It was not difficult to find him out, since the possession of his estate was conferred upon him by a formal and notorious ceremony, technically called livery of seisin, which was performed openly and in the presence of the people of the locality.It soon became evident that the simple rules of the Common Law were stumbling-blocks to the complicated wants of an enterprising people.Hence ingenuity was sharpened to hit upon a device which should set at nought the rigidity of existing law and formalities.A system was found by the monastic jurists upon a model furnished by the Civil Law, which, by a nice adaptation, evaded, without overturning, the Common Law. Two methods of transferring realty began to co-exist in this country-the ancient Common Law system, and the later invention, which is denomi...
Quo warranto
Quo warranto, a writ issuable out of the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice, in the nature of a writ of right for the Crown against him who claims or usurps any office, franchise, or liberty to inquire 'by what authority' he supports his claim, in order to determine the right. It lies also in case of non-user or long neglect of a franchise, or mis-user or abuse of it, whereby it is forfeited.This proceeding was, until 1872, the one generally adopted for the purpose of trying the right to be elected to municipal offices, but the (English) Corrupt Practices (Municipal Elections) Act, 1872, by s. 12, replaced by the (English) Municipal Corporations Act, 1882, s. 87 [see now s. 71 of the (English) Local Government Act, 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5, c. 51)], substituted an election petition in the cases where an election is sought to be questioned on the ground of bribery, etc., disqualification, or undue return. By s. 84 of the Act of 1933, proceedings must be instituted within six...
Equity
Equity [fr. 'quitas, Lat.] There is some confusion as to the meaning of Equity; as a scheme of jurispru-dence distinct from Law 'Equity' is an equivocal term; the difficulty lies in drawing the dividing lines between the several senses in which it is used. They may be distinguished thus:-(1) Taken broadly and philosophically, Equity means to do to all men as we would they should do unto us-by the Justinian Pandects, honeste vivere, alterum non l'dere, suum cuique tribuere. It is clear that human tribunals cannot cope with so wide a range or duties.(2) Taken in a less universal sense, Equity is used in contradistinction to strict law. This is Moral Equity, which should be the genius of every kind of human jurisprudence; since it expounds and limits the language of the positive laws, and construes them not according to their strict letter, but rather in their reasonable and benignant spirit.Aristotle, in his discussion concerning Moral Equity, Ethics Eud., b.v., c. x, calls it the correc...
Shebaitship
Shebaitship, property dedicated to an idol vests in it in an ideal sense only; ex necessitas, the possession and management has to be entrusted to some human agent. Such an agent of the idol is known as shebait in Northern India. The legal character of a shebait cannot be defined with precision and exactitude. Broadly described, he is the human ministrant and custodian of the idol, its earthly spokesman, its authorised representative entitled to deal with all its temporal affairs and to manage its property. As regards the administration of the debutter, his position is analogous to that of a trustee; yet, he is not precisely in the position of a trustee in the English sense, because under Hindu Law, property absolutely dedicated to an idol, vests in the idol, and not in the shebait. Although the debutter never vests in the shebait, yet, peculiarly enough, almost in every case, the shebait has a right to a part of the usufruct, the mode of enjoyment; and the amount of the usufruct depen...
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