Lawful Force - Law Dictionary Search Results
Debt
Debt [fr. debitum, Lat.], a sum of money due from one person to another. An action of debt lay where a person claimed the recovery of a liquidated or certain sum of money affirmed to be due to him; and it was generally founded on some contract alleged to have taken place between the parties, or on some matter of fact from which the law would imply a contract between them. This was debt in the debet, which was the principal and only common form. There is another species mentioned in the books, called debt in the detinet, which lay for the specific recovery of goods, under a contract to deliver them. An action of debt as a technical term is now obsolete. See PLEADINGS. The order of the payment of debts and expenses out of legal assets in an ordinary administration action in the Chancery Division of the High Court is as follows:-1. Funeral expenses, which in the case of an insolvent estate must be strictly reasonable and necessary only, the executor or administrator being personally liabl...
Force majeure
Force majeure, irresistible compulsion, coercion diplomatically recognized as irresistible, Concise Oxford Dict. Compare ACT OF GOD; RESTRAINT OF PRINCES.An event or effect that can be neither anticipated no controlled, Black's Law Dictionary, p. 657.The expression 'force majeure' is not a mere French version of the Latin expression 'vis major'. It is undoubtedly a term of wider import. Difficulties have arisen in the past as to what could legitimately be included in 'force majeure'. Judges have agreed that strikes, breakdown of machinery, which, though normally not included in 'vis major' are included in 'force majeure'. An analysis of rulings on the subject into which it is not necessary in this case to go, shows that where reference is made to 'force majeure', the intention is to save the performing party from the consequences of anything over which he has no control. This is the widest meaning that can be given to 'force majeure', Dhanrajamal Gobindram v. Shamji Kalidas and Co., AI...
Indian law
Indian law, 'Indian law' shall mean any Act, Ordin-ance, Regulation, rule (order, bye-law or other instrument) which before the commencement of the Constitution had the force of law in any Province of India or part thereof, or thereafter, has the force of law in any Part A State or Part C State or part thereof, but does not include any Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom or any Order in Council, rule or other instrument made under such Act. [General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), s. 3(29)]...
Defence
Defence [fr. defensio, Lat.], popularly a justification, protection, or guard; in law, a denial by the defendant of the truth or validity of the plaintiff's complaint.In Civil matters, a defence (which is always in writing or printed) is either (1) by statement of defence, which may be a denial of the plaintiff's right, or may be an allegation of a set-off or counterclaim by the defendant which will cover wholly or in part the claim of the plaintiff; or (2) by a statement of defence raising a point of law, so as to show that the facts alleged by the plaintiff do not disclose any cause of action to which effect can be given by the Court; see R.S.C., Ord. XXV., sub-stituted for the old 'demurrer.' See STATEMENT OF DEFENCE DEMURRER.In certain cases, e.g., where the plaintiff's claim is for a liquidated sum only, he may specially indorse his writ, and in such case leave must be obtained to defend (R.S.C. 1883, Ord. III., R. 6; Ord. XIV.).In Criminal matters (which is always by word of mout...
National insurance
National insurance. The (English) National Insur-ance Act, 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5, c. 55), introduced by Mr. Lloyd George, established a wide system of compulsory state insurance covering both ill-health and unemployment, which is based upon premiums contributed in part by the employer, in part by the employee, and in part by the State. The Act consisted of three parts, the first dealing with National Health Insurance, the second with Unemployment Insurance, and the third contained miscellaneous provisions. This Act remained the basis of National Health Insurance, although the subject of very extensive amendment, until the National Health Insurance Act, 1924, consolidated the law. The law has been consolidated again by the (English) National Health Insurance Act, 1936 (26 Geo. 5, and 1 Edw. 8, c. 32), amends and repeals the whole of the Acts passed in 1920, 1922, 1924 and 1928. The arrangement is as follows:-Part I. Insured Persons and Contributions.Part II. Benefits.Part III. Approved Soc...
Mistake
Mistake, misconception, error.Money paid under a mistake of a material fact, as where a person discounts a forged bill, is recoverable (though a banker paying the forged cheque of a customer cannot charge the customer with the loss), and see Jones & Co. v. aring & Gillow Ltd., 1926 AC 670; but money paid under a mistake of law is ordinarily not recoverable, Holt v. Markham, (1923) 1 KB 504, though there is an exception in the case where an officer of a Court or a trustee in bankruptcy has received the money [Ex P. Simmonds, (1885) 16 QBD 308]. A contract is not voidable because it was caused by a mistake as to any law in force in India; but a mistake as to a law in force in India has the same effect as a mistake of fact. (The Indian Contract Act, 1872, s. 21)It is a common condition of the sale of land that any error or misdescription shall not vitiate the sale, and mayor may not be made the subject of compensation, and this condition applies whether an error complained of was discover...
Local authority
Local authority, includes panchayatiraj institutions, municipalities, a district board, cantonment board, town planning authority or Zila Parishad or any other body or authority, by whatever name called, for the time being invested by law, for rendering essential services or, with the control and management of civil services, within a specified local area. [Disaster Management Act, 2005, s. 2(h)]It is the political subdivision functioning within the framework of constitution and enjoying certain degree of autonomy serving as administrative units for state services, Dictionary of Political Science, Joseph Dunner, 1965, p. 321.Means a municipal corporation, a municipal council, a Nagar Panchayat, an Industrial Township, a Cantonment Board, a Village Panchayat Constituted or Continued under any law for the time being in force. [Maharashtra Non-Biodegradable Garbage (Control) Act, 2006, s. 2(e)]Means a municipal corporation, Nagar Panchayat, Municipal Council, District Panchayat, Taluka Pa...
Sales tax law
Sales tax law, means any law for the time being in force in any State or part thereof which provides for the levy of taxes on the sale or purchase of goods generally or on any specified goods expressly mentioned in that behalf, and 'general sales tax law' means the law for the time being in force in any State or part thereof which provides for the levy of tax on the sale or purchase o goods generally. [Central Sales Tax Act, 1956, s. 2(i)]...
Possession is nine points of the law
Possession is nine points of the law. This adage is not to be taken to be true to the full extent, so as to mean that the person in possession can only be ousted by one whose title is nine times better than his; but it places in a stronger light the legal truth that every claimant must succeed by the strength of his own title and not by the weakness of his antagonists. For instance, if the claimant be able to show a descent from the grantor of the estate, perfect except in one link of the chain, and the man in possession be a perfect stranger, the latter shall keep the estate; and so, also, if the claimant be a natural son of the last owner and adopted by him, and declared by him to be designed as his heir, yet if he dies without making a will in his favour, a stranger in possession has a better title. In Beddall v. Maitland, (1881) 17 Ch D p. 183, Sir Edward Fry, speaking of the statute 5 Rich. 2, stat. 1, c. 8, which makes a forcible entry an indictable offence, says: 'This statute c...
Competent authority
Competent authority, means (i) the speaker in the case of the House of the people or the legislative Assembly of a State or a Union Territory having such Assembly and the Chairman in case of the council of Staff or legislative Council of a State (ii) Chief Justice of India in case of Supreme Court, (iii) Chief Justice of the High Court in the case of the High Court (iv) the President or the Governor, as the case may be, in the case of other authorities established or constituted by or under the Constitution, (v) the administrator appointed under Article 239 of the Constitution. [Right to Information Act, 2005 (22 of 2005) s. 2(e)]Means any authority authorised by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette to perform all or any of the functions of the competent authority under this Act. [Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (61 of 1986), s. 2 (d)]Means, in relation to the United Kingdom, the CAA, and in relation to any other country the authority respo...
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