Bread. The Acts (see Chitty's Statutes, tit. 'Bread') relating to the sale of bread are the London Bread Act, 1822 (3 Geo. 4, c. cvi.) (metropolis), now repealed; and the Bread Act, 1836 (6 & 7 Wm. 4, c. 37), which, by s. 4 (as to which see Cox v. Blaines, (1902) 1 KB 670, explained in Mattinson v. Binley, (1908) 2 KB 534), prescribes that bread, 'except French, or fancy bread (as to which see Bailey v. Barsby, (1909) 2 KB 610) or rolls,' must be sold by weightm etc.; but the Weights and Measures Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 21), s. 32, makes a request by the purchaser an essence of the offence of refusal to weigh in the case of bread carried out in a cart, See Evans v. Jones, (1909) 99 LT 799; Lyons & Co. v. Houghton, (1915) 1 KB 489.S. 8 of the Act of 1836 enacts that the names, addresses and offences of bakers and others convicted of adulterating bread may be directed by the convicting justices to be published in some newspaper. S. 14 prohibits Sunday baking, and the consents for pro...
Gilbert Acts (English) , the Clergy Residences Repair Act, 1776 (17 Geo. 3, c. 53), introduced into Parliament by Mr. Davies Gilbert, providing for the building and repairing of parsonages, with the amending Acts 21 Geo. 3, c. 66, 7 Geo. 4, c. 66, 1 & 2 Vict. c. 23, and 28 & 29 Vict. c. 69, described as the Gilbert Acts in the marginal note of s. 64 of the Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act, 1871. Mr. Gilbert also introduced 22 Geo. 3, c. 83, first establishing unions of parishes with guardians of the poor, superseded by the Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834, and repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act, 1871....
Hospitals, eleemosynary corporations. They are either aggregate, in which the master or warden and his brethren have the estate of inheritance; or sole, in which the master, etc., only has the estate in him, and the brethren or sisters, having college and common seal in them, must consent, or the master alone has the estate, not having college or common seal. So hospitals are eligible, donatives, or preventative, Jac. Law Dict.By 39 Eliz. c. 5, made perpetual by 21 Jac. 1, c. 1, any person seised of an estate in fee-simple may, by deed enrolled in Chancery, erect and found a hospital for the sustenance and relief of 'the maimed, poor, needy, or impotent people'; but no such hospital may be erected unless endowed with lands or hereditaments of the yearly value of 20l.For power of local authorities to provide hospitals for their districts, see Public Health Act, 1875, s. 131; Isolation Hospitals Acts, 1893, 1901 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 68; 1 Edw. 7, c. 8), all repealed from Oct. 1937 and repla...
Mercantile Law Amendment Act, 1856 (English) (19 & 20 Vict. c. 97). Its principal enactments are: (1) that a writ of execution shall not effect a title bona fide acquired before seizure; (2) that in an action for breach of contract to deliver goods sold, a writ for the delivery of the goods may be obtained (these two ss. are repealed by the Sale of Goods Act, 1893, and reproduced by ss. 26 and 52 of that Act); (3) that the consideration for a guarantee need not appear in writing; (4) that a guarantee to or for a firm ceases upon a change in the firm (this s. is repealed by the Partnership Act, 1890, and reproduced by s. 18 of that Act); (5) that a surety who discharges a liability is to be entitled to an assignment of all securities held by the creditor; (Ss. 6 and 7) that an acceptance of a bill of exchange must be in writing, and that 'inland bill of exchange' bears a certain definition-these two sections are repealed by the Bills of Exchange Act, 1882, and reproduced by ss. 7 and 17...
Customs, duties charged upon commodities on their importation into, or exportation out of, a country. They seem to have existed in England before the Conquest, but the king's claim to them was first established by grant of Parliament in the reign of Edward I. These duties were at first, principally laid on wool, woolfels (sheep-skins) and leather when exported. There were also extraordinary duties paid by aliens both on export and import, which were denominated parva custuma, to distinguish them from the former, or magna custuma. The duties of tonnage and pound-age, of which mention is so frequently made in English history, were customs duties; the first being made onwine by the tun, and the latter being ad valorem duty of so much a pound on other merchandise. When these duties were granted to the Crown they were denominated subsidies, and as the duty of poundage had continued for a lengthened period at the rateof 1s. a pound, or five percent., a subsidy came, in the language of the cu...
Salary or wages, means all remuneration (other than remuneration in respect of over-time work) capable of being expressed in terms of money, which would, if the terms of employment, express or implied, were fulfilled, be payable to an employee in respect of his employment or of work done in such employment and includes dearness allowance (that is to say, all cash payments, by whatever name called, paid to an employee on account of a rise in the cost of living), but does not include--(i) any other allowance which the employee is for the time being entitled to;(ii) the value of any house accommodation or of supply of light, water, medical attendance or other amenity or of any service or of any concessional supply of foodgrains or other articles.(iii) any travelling concession;(iv) any bonus (including incentive, production and attendance bonus);(v) any contribution paid or payable by the employer to any pension fund or provident fund or for the benefit of the employee under any law for t...
financing statement : a statement that contains information about a security interest in collateral used to secure a debt and that is filed to provide notice to other creditors of the security interest see also perfect Uniform Commercial Code in the Important Laws section compare financial statement NOTE: Under Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, a financing statement must 1) give the names of the debtor and the secured party, 2) be signed by the debtor, 3) give the address of the secured party, 4) give the address of the debtor, and 5) indicate the items of collateral. ...
Hire-purchase system. A system whereby the owner of goods lets them on hire for periodic payments by the hirer upon an agreement that when a certain number of payments have been completed, the absolute property in the goods will pass to the hirer, but so that the hirer may return the goods at any time without any obligation to pay any balance of rent accruing after return, until the conditions have been fulfilled, the property remains in the owner. The instrument by which the hire-purchase is effected does not ordinarily require registration under the Bills of Sale Acts [Ex parte Crawcour, (1878) 9 Ch D 419]; and the hirer is 'reputed owner' within the Bankruptcy Act [Ex parte Brooks, (1993) 23 Ch D 261]; but the hirer does not 'agree to buy' within the Factors Act or Sale of Goods Act so as to be able to sell or pledge the goods as if he were a 'mercantile agent', Helby v. Matthews, 1895 AC 471; Brooks v. Biernstein, (1909) 1 KB 98. Distinguish from agreements such as in Lee v. Butler...
Imperial preference. Preferential customs, rates and other trade advantages agreed to be conceded by the British Government of the United Kingdom on goods consigned from and grown, produced or manufactured in the British Empire, i.e. (for this purpose), the Dominions including India, terri-tories under protection and mandated territories, by Order in Council. See (English) Finance Act, 1919, s. 8, as amended by the Import Duties Act, 1932, s. 1; and see (English) the Ottawa Agreements Act, 1932 (22 & 23 Geo. 5, c. 32), giving effect to the Ottawa Conference by modification of customs duties and providing further for Imperial pre-ference; see also (English) Isle of Man Customs Acts, 1933 and 1934....
Income-tax, a tax of so much in the pound of income, under five classifications, according as derived from (A) ownership of land or houses, etc., (B) occupation of land or houses, etc., (C) dividends from stocks or shares, (D) professional or trade earnings or profits, and any profit not included in the four previous classifications, and (E) official and other salaries. The Acts on this subject, dating from the Income-tax Act, 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c. 35), which, to a great extent, repeats the phraseology of Addington's Act of 1806, are very numerous. Voluntary Easter gifts to an incumbent are assessable to income-tax, Cooper v. Blakinston, 1909 AC 104. See Chitty's Statutes, tit. 'Property Tax.'The tax in 1842, and for many years afterwards, was 7d. in the pound; in 1855,, the year of the Crime an War, it rose to 1s. 4d., and in 1918 to 6s. The Finance Act, 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c. 13), for the first time differentiated (ss. 19 et seq.) between 'earned income' and income from other sources, and...