Forgery [fr. forger, Fr.; or fingo, Lat.], the crimen falsi, or the false making or alteration of an instrument, which purports on the face of it to be good and valid for the purposes for which it was created, with a design to defraud. The forged instrument must be false in itself. The mere subscribing a note, given as the party's own, by a fictitious name, was held not to be forgery, Reg. v. Martin, (1879) 5 QBD 34.The act of fraudulently making a false document or altering a real one to be used as if genuine, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 661.Forgery at Common Law was a misdemeanour but most forgeries have been made felony by statute. Many of these statutes were consolidated by 11 Geo. 4 & 1 Wm. 4, c. 66, repealed and replaced by the Forgery Act, 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 98), but the law now principally depends on the Forgery Act, 1913 (3 & 4 Geo. 5, c. 27, 'an Act to consolidate, simplify and amend the law relating to forgery and kindred offences.' It repeals such portions of s...
Registration of title of land. The (English) Land Registration Act, 1925 (15 Geo. 5, c. 21), repeals and re-enacts the (English) Land Transfer Acts, 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 87) and 1897 (60 & 61 Vict. c. 65), with amendments in keeping with innovations which were introduced by the property laws of 1925. Its object is to simplify the indicia of land ownership and transfer by mere inscription and transcription in a register. The advantages which are claimed for the system are (a) purchasers for value of an absolute or good leasehold title are absolved from any inquiry into the title other than it is shown to be on the register; (b) certain equitable claims which would be binding on the land under the general law and cannot be removed or over-reached without onerous formalities do not affect such purchasers; (c) the method of conveyance or charge is simple; (d) subject to the statutory provisions, registration guarantees the title to purchasers for value and mortgagees. It should be observ...
Title, means the union of all elements (as ownership possession, and custody) constituting the legal right to control and dispose of property; the legal link between a person who owns property and the property itself, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 1493.Title: 1, a general head, comprising particulars, as in a book; 2, an appellation of honour or dignity; 3, the means whereby the owner of lands has the just possession of his property--titulus est justa causa pos sidendi id quod nostrum est: Co. Litt. 345b.1. The union of all elements (as ownership, possession, and custody) constituting the legal right to central and dispose of property; the2. Legal evidence of a person's ownership rights in property; an chastenment (such as a deed) that constitute such evidence3. The heading of a statute or other legal document, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn.There are several stages and degrees requisite to form a complete title to lands and tenements.1. The lowest and most imperfect degree of ...
Notice, the making something known to a person of which he was or might be ignorant. Notice is either (1) statutory; (2) actual, which brings the knowledge of a fact directly home to the party; or (3) constructive or implied, which is no more than evidence of facts which raise such a strong presumption of notice that equity will not allow the presumption to be rebutted. [S. 154, I.P.C. and Art. 61(2)(a) const. 56 Indian Evidence Act]Constructive notice may be subdivided into: (a) where the facts of which actual evidence is supplied give rise to a further enquiry which a man exercising ordinary caution would make equity has added constructive notice of the facts, which that inquiry would have elicited; and (b) where there has been a designed abstinence from inquiry for the very purpose of avoiding notice. See CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE.A purchaser with notice may protect himself by purchasing the title of another bona fide purchaser for a valuable consideration without notice; for, otherwise, ...
Abstract of title. A concise statement, usually prepared for a mortgagee or purchaser of real property, summarising the history of a piece of land including all conveyances interests, lines & encumbrances that reflect title to property, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., an epitome of the evidence of title to property or power to deal with it.Every purchaser of land or real estate has an implied right to have an abstract of title delivered to him within a reasonable time, Compton v. Bagley, (1892) 1 Ch 313. As to registered land, see the Land Registration Act, 1925, s. 110, and Brickdale and Stewart-Wallace on the Land Registration Act, 1925.An abstract is said to be perfect if it deduces the title from the date fixed by the contract or by statute for its commencement and discloses every incumbrance affecting it, by setting out the material parts of all deeds, wills and other documents, and stating the facts on which it depends: fc. 1 Pres. 42, 207. The statutory period is thirty years,...
Delivery order, a delivery order is an order by the owner of goods directing the person who holds them on his behalf to deliver them to the person named in the order, Jaggilal K. Pratapmal Rameshwar, AIR 1978 SC 389 (396). [Sale of Goods Act, 1930, s. 2(4)]--A writing directed to the bailee of goods mentioned in the order requesting him to deliver over the goods to the person named in the order. Such an order is a 'document of title' within the (English) Factors Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 45), s. 1 (4), and the (English) Sale of Goods Act, 1893 (56 & 57 Vict.c. 71), s. 62(1). See Chitty's Statutes, tits. 'Factors' and 'Goods.' As to the effect on innocent parties of a delivery order which is fradulent, see Union Credit Bank v. Mersey Docks, (1899) 2 QB 205; Farquharson Bros. v. King, 1902 AC 325....
Mortgage [fr. mort, Fr., dead, and gage, pledge], a deed pledge; a thing put into the hands of a creditor.A mortgage is the creation of an interest in property, defeasible (i.e., annullable) upon performing the condition of paying a given sum of money, with interest thereon, at a certain time. This conditional assurance is resorted to when a debt has been incurred, or a loan of money or credit effected, in order to secure either the repayment of the one or the liquidation of the other. the debtor, or borrower, is then the mortgagor, who has charged or transferred his property in favour of or to the creditor or lender, who thus becomes the mortgagee. If the mortgagor pay the debtor loan and interest within the time mentioned in a clause technically called the proviso for redemption, he will be entitled to have his property again free from the mortgagee's claim; but should he not comply with such proviso, the legal estate becomes perfected in the mortgagee, i.e., indefeasible, and so los...
Bill of sale, an assignment by deed of chattels personal, whether absolute or by way of security. See Twyne's case, (1602) 3 Rep. 80 [44 Eliz.], and 1 Sm. L. C. 1 et seq., where the principal cases are collected.The registration of bills of sale was first required in 1854 by 17 & 18 Vict. c. 31, which enacted that every bill of sale should be void as against assignees in bankruptcy and execution creditors, unless the bill or a copy thereof should have been filed in the Court of Queen's Bench within 21 days after its execution, together with an affidavit of the time of the bill of sale being given, and a description of the residence and occupation of the deponent and of every attesting witness of the bill of sale. In 1866, by 29 & 30 Vict. c. 96, registration had to be renewed every five years. The two Acts were consolidated with some important amendments by the (English) Bills of Sale Act, 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 31). The principal amendments were these:-The period within which to regis...
Sales in the course of import, a sale or purchase of goods shall be deemed to take place in the course of inter-State trade or commerce if the sale or purchase - (a) occasions the movement of goods from one State to another; or (b) is effected by a transfer of documents to title to the goods during their movement from one State to another.' It seems that the expression 'occasions the move-ment of goods' occurring in s. 3(a) and s. 5(2) must have the same meaning, K.G. Lhosla & Co. (P) Ltd. v. Deputy Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, AIR 1966 SC 1216: (1966) 3 SCR 352....
Actually delivered, 'actually delivered', can only mean physical delivery of the goods, or such action as puts the goods in the possession of the purchaser, it does not contemplate mere symbolical or national delivery e.g. by entrusting the goods to a common carrier, or even delivery of documents of title like railway receipts, Shree Bajarang Jute Mills Ltd v. State of Andra pradesh, AIR 1966 SC 376 (379): (1964) 6 SCR 691. [Constitution of India, Art. 286(1)]...