Markets and fairs. The right to hold a market or fair, i.e., to hold organized meetings of persons for the purpose of buying and selling, is derived from a royal grant either actual or to be presumed from long usage. Markets and fairs in large towns of modern growth are, however, frequently held under special Acts which incorporate the (English) Markets and Fairs Clauses Act, 1847 (10 & 11 Vict. c. 14), or under the Public Health Act, 1875. The following Acts regulate markets and fairs:-Metropolitan Fairs Act, 1868; Fairs Acts, 1871 and 1873; Markets and Fairs (Weighing of Cattle) Acts, 1887 and 1891, and 1926. See Newcastle (Duke of) v. Workshop U.D.C., (1902) 2 Ch 145; and consult Pease and Chitty on Markets and Fairs. See FAIRS AND MANOR....
Office, an employment, either judicial, municipal (see CORPORATE OFFICE), civil, military, or ecclesiastical.As to obtaining offices by desert only, the repealed 12 Ric. 2, c. 2, enacted that--The Chancellor, Treasurer, . . . the Justices of the one bench and the other, Barons of the Exchequer and all other that shall be called to ordain, name, or make justices of the peace, sheriffs, . . . or any other officer or minister of the King shall be firmly sworn that they shall not ordain name, or make justice of peace, sheriff . . . nor other officer or minister of the King for any gift or brocage, favour or affection: nor that none that pursueth by him or by other privily or openly to be in any manner of office shall be put in the same office or in any other; but that they make all such officers and ministers of the best and most lawful men, and sufficient to their estimation and knowledge.Officia magistratus non debent esse venalia, (The offices of a magistrate ought not to be saleable.)L...
Abjuration, means a renouncing by oath, Black Law Dictionary, 7th Edn., p. 5.Abjuration [fr. abjuro, Lat.], a forswearing or renouncing by oath. To abjure is to retract, recant or abnegate a position on oath. 'Abjuration of the realm,' in the old law, signified an oath taken by a person accused of crime who had claimed sanctuary (see that tile) to forsake the realm for ever. It was abolished by 12 Jac. 1, c. 28.The oath of abjuration (introduced by 13 Wm. 3, c. 16, and altered by 6 Geo. 3, c. 53) had to be taken by every person entering upon any public office or trust. By this he renounced the Pretender (the son of James II.) and recognized the right of Her Majesty, under the Act of Settlement (q.v.), engaging to support her, and promising to disclose all treasons and traitorous conspiracies against her, Staunforde Pl. C. b. 2, c. 40. By 21 & 22 Vict. C. 48, one form of oath was substituted for the oaths of allegiance, supremacy, and abjuration. For this form another was substituted by...
Casual pauper (obsolete term). Any destitute wayfarer or wanderer applying for or receiving relief. See (English) Pauper Inmates Discharge and Regulation Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c.108), and (English) Casual Poor Act, 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 36). These (English) Acts were repealed and replaced by the Poor Law Act, 1927 (17 & 18 Geo. 5, c. 14), which was further consolidated by the Poor Law Act, 1930 (19 & 20 Geo. 5, c. 17); and the term used is 'Casual Poor Person' or 'Casual Poor.' The (English) Poor Law Act, 1930 (19 & 20 Geo. 5, c. 17), ss. 41 to 44, deals with provisions of casual wards and treatment of casual poor....
Hawkers and pedlars, persons who carry their goods from place to place for sale. In 1810 (50 Geo. 3, c. 41), imposed a licence duty on them and made various provisions in regard to their trade. After many amending Acts (see, e.g., 52 Geo. 3, c. 108, 26 & 27 Vict. c. 18, Sched. B, 22 & 23 Vict. c. 36) the (English) Hawkers Act, 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 33), has regulated the business of hawkers, defining, for the purposes of the Act, a hawker as a person who travels about selling or exposing samples with a horse or other beast bearing or drawing burden, the Pedlars Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 96), for regulating the business of peddlers, having already defined a peddler for the purposes of that Act as a person traveling about selling or procuring orders for goods or selling his skill in handicraft, without a horse, etc. see Woolwich Local Board v. Gardiner, (1895) 2 QB 497.A hawker's licence costs 2l. a year, and except by way of renewal of a licence for the year immediately preceding, is...
Lloyd's. in the second half of the seventeenth century a number of merchants, ship-owners, and insurance brokers were accustomed to meet in Lloyd's Coffee House in the City of London. From these meetings arose the present association of underwriters, which is famous throughout the world as a centre of marine insurance. Shipping intelligence of all kinds is collected by Lloyd's agents all over the world and forwarded to London. Signal stations have been established under the provisions of (English) Lloyd's Signal Station Act, 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 29). Derelict ships have to be reported to Lloyd's (Derelict Vessels (Report) Act,1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. 12)). 'Lloyd's List' thus forms a record of shipping news of great importance to the commercial community. Lloyd's Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. xxi.), incorporates and regulates Lloyd's. Besides marine insurance, almost any risk can be covered there, and by the Assurance Companies Act,1909 (9 Edw. 7, c. 49), ss. 28 and 33, members of Lloyd'...
Photographs. By the (English) Copyright Act, 1911, s. 5, the author of a work is the first owner of the copyright therein, but where in the case of a photograph the plate or other original was ordered by some other person, and was made for valuable consideration in pursuance of that order, then, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the person by whom such plate or other original was ordered will be the first owner of the copyright; and such person can restrain the public sale of his photographic likeness, Pollard v. Photographic Co., (1888) 40 Ch D 345. The period for which copyright in photographs sbsists is fifty years from the making of the original negative (s. 21). 'photograph' includes photo-lithograph and any work produced by any process analogous to photography (s. 35). See COPYRIGHT.It is a misdemeanour to send indecent matter, including photographs, through the post. [(Eng-lish) Post Office Act, 1908, s. 63, as amended by the (English) Post Office Act, 1935, s. 13...
Charter [fr. Charta, Lat.; chartre, Fr.], an evidence in writing of things done between man and man. Charters of the Sovereign are written instruments granting certain privileges or exemptions to any person or body politic (Jacob's Law Dict.) (see, e.g., the (English) Municipal Corporations Act, 1882, s. 210) or corporations; e.g., to 'chartered' banking or other trading companies [see 7 Wm. 4 & 1 Vict. c. 73, and (English) Chartered Companies Act, 1884 (47 & 48 Vict. c. 56)], or to a college or university [see (English) College Charter Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 63)], or to a City company, as the Apothecaries Company, whose charter, granted by James I., is cited in the (English) Apothecaries Act, 1815 (55 Geo. 3, c. 194). See LETTERS PATENT. The word also meant deeds and other documents of title belonging to private owners, Jacob's Law Dict....
Holiday, or Holyday, a feast day with cessation from labour, as by 5 & 6 Edw. 6, c. 3, all Sundays in the year and also Christmas-day and other days by that Act commanded 'to be kepte holie dayes and none other.'By R.S.C. 1883, Ord. LXIII., r. 6, it is provided that the several offices of the Supreme Court shall be open on every day of the year except Sundays, Good Friday, Monday and Tuesday in Easter-week, Whit Monday, the first Monday in August, Christmas-day and the next following working day, and all days appointed by proclamation to be observed as days of general fast, humiliation, or thanksgiving; and the day appointed to be kept as the King's birthday. See also VACATION.The Bank Holidays Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 17), provides that Easter Monday, the Monday in Whitsun-week, the first Monday in August, and the 26th day of December, if a week day, shall be kept as bank holidays in England and Ireland, and New Year's day, Christmas-day (or, if either be a Sunday, the following da...
Liturgy [fr., Gk., a public service], the Book of Common Prayer used in the Established Church, as confirmed by the (English) Act of Uniformity (14 Car. 2, c. 4). Consult Wheatleyon the Book of Common Prayer.The (English) Prayer Book (Table of Lessons) Act, 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 37), passed 'to amend the law relating to the Table of Lessons and Psalter contained in the Prayer-Book,' provides a new Table of Lessons, and the Act of (English) Uniformity Amendment Act, 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 35), provides 'a shortened form of Morning and Evening Prayer.' An alternative Table of Lessons has been provided by the (English) Revised Tables of Lessons Measure, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo.5, No. 3). See ACTOF UNIFORMITY....