Court : US Supreme Court
..... this action in state court for mandatory, injunctive, and declaratory relief to compel his admission to davis, alleging that the special admissions program operated to exclude him on the basis of his race in violation of the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment, a provision of the california constitution, and 601 of title vi of the civil rights act of 1964, which provides, inter alia, that no person shall on the ground of race ..... while we have on the one hand the 14th amendment, which is supposed to do away with discrimination, since it provides for equal protection of the laws, on the other hand, we have the federal government aiding and abetting those who persist in practicing racial discrimination. ..... that congress acted under the commerce clause power, it was restricted in the use of race in governmental decisionmaking by the equal protection component of the due process clause of the fifth amendment precisely to the same extent as are the states by 1 ..... in 1963 and 1964, when title vi was drafted and debated, the courts had only recently applied the equal protection clause to strike down public racial discrimination in america, and the scope of that clause's nondiscrimination principle was ..... . this is certainly a permissible choice, see sweezy, supra, and we, unlike our brother powell, find nothing in the equal protection clause that requires us to depart from established principle by limiting the scope of power the regents may exercise more narrowly than the powers .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... to intimidate or injure parties, witnesses, or jurors involved in any court matter or who conspires to obstruct the due process of justice in any state court made with the intent to deny to any citizen the equal protection of the laws as the result of the conspiracies for injury or deprivation of another's rights or privileges as a citizen of the united states; the third subsection establishes liability for damages against any person who conspires ..... to limit the reach of constitutional claims brought under 1983, my brother powell's construction of that statute would not allow claims based on federal statutory law to be heard unless they involved a right of equality, but claims based on the constitution could involve alleged violations of not only the equal protection clause, or even other provisions of the fourteenth amendment, but also any provision of the constitution. ..... held that a claim alleging that a tax on federal patent rights violated the contracts, due process, and equal protection clauses was not encompassed by rev.stat. ..... , defined the crimes, inter alia, of conspiracy to prevent federal officials from enforcing the laws of the united states, and of conspiracy to deprive "any person or any class of persons of the equal protection of the laws. ..... urge that, even if 1983 cannot be said to "provide" for equal rights within the meaning of 1343(3), this cause of action does operate to "protect" civil rights -- by authorizing redress for their deprivation -- within the .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... [ footnote 5/23 ] "when the federal government asserts an overriding national interest as justification for a discriminatory rule which would violate the equal protection clause if adopted by a state, due process requires that there be a legitimate basis for presuming that the rule was actually intended ..... had sustained economic injury due to enforcement of the 10% mbe requirement, and that the mbe provision, on its face, violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment, the equal protection component of the due process clause of the fifth amendment, and various statutory antidiscrimination provisions. ..... for accomplishing the objectives of the mbe program through the commerce power insofar as the program objectives pertain to the action of private contracting parties, and through the power to enforce the equal protection guarantees of the fourteenth amendment insofar as the program objectives pertain to the action of state and local grantees. ..... not only in time of war, but also in an era before the court had held that the due process clause of the fifth amendment imposes the same equal protection standard upon the federal government that the fourteenth amendment imposes upon the states. ..... , i believe that the use of racial classifications, which are fundamentally at odds with the ideals of a democratic society implicit in the due process and equal protection clauses, cannot be imposed simply to serve transient social or political goals, however worthy they may be. .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... that negroes faced official obstacles to registration, voting, and running for office, yet we upheld a finding that they had been excluded from effective participation in the political process in violation of the equal protection clause because a multimember districting scheme, in the context of racial voting at the polls, was being used invidiously to prevent negroes from being elected to public office. ..... the court has accepted at face value the purposes articulated for a qualification of this right, and has invalidated such a limitation under the equal protection clause only if its purpose either lacked sufficient substantiality when compared to the individual interests affected or could have been achieved by less restrictive ..... 755 (1973), this court unanimously held the use of multimember districts for the election of state legislators in two counties in texas violated the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment because, based on a careful assessment of the totality of the circumstances, they were found to exclude negroes and mexican-americans from effective participation in the ..... "register and vote without hindrance," the district court nevertheless held that the at-large electoral system violated the fifteenth amendment and invidiously discriminated against negroes in violation of the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment, and ordered that the commission be disestablished and replaced by a mayor and a council elected from single-member districts. .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... of minnesota has told us in unambiguous language that this statute is not rationally related to any environmental objective; it seems to me to be a matter of indifference, for purposes of applying the federal equal protection clause, whether that message to us from the state of minnesota is conveyed by the state supreme court, or by the state legislature itself. ..... [ footnote 6 ] justice stevens' dissenting opinion argues that the minnesota supreme court, when reviewing a challenge to a minnesota statute on equal protection grounds, is not bound by the limits applicable to federal courts, but may independently reach conclusions contrary to those of the legislature concerning legislative facts bearing on the wisdom or utility of ..... amici have fully briefed and argued the question, and because of the obvious factual connection between the rationality analysis under the equal protection clause and the balancing of interests under the commerce clause, we will reach and decide the question. ..... whether in fact the act will promote more environmentally desirable milk packaging is not the question: the equal protection clause is satisfied by our conclusion that the minnesota legislature could rationally have decided that its ban on plastic nonreturnable milk jugs might foster greater use of ..... richards, the virginia supreme court had recognized the rational basis test as the appropriate equal protection standard, but then had proceeded to apply a more stringent standard to the municipal .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... 5 (1973), we rejected the contention that oklahoma's restrictions on political activity by public employees violated the equal protection clause: "appellants also claim that 818 violates the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment by singling out classified service employees for restrictions on partisan political expression while leaving unclassified personnel free from such ..... appellees -- who challenged these provisions in federal district court as violating the first amendment and the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution -- included officeholders subject to 65, each of whom alleged that he would have announced his candidacy for higher judicial office except that such announcement would constitute an ..... [ footnote 2 ] in invalidating candidate filing-fee provisions, for example, we have departed from traditional equal protection analysis because such a "system falls with unequal weight on voters, as well as candidates, according to their economic ..... infra, but this does not suggest that, in subjecting these classifications to equal protection scrutiny, we should completely disregard the vital interests of the candidates and the citizens who they represent in a political ..... (a) candidacy is not a "fundamental right" that itself requires departure from traditional equal protection principles under which state law classifications need only be drawn in such a manner as to bear some rational relationship to a legitimate state .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... congressional debate concerning 1 of the fourteenth amendment was limited, that debate clearly confirms the understanding that the phrase "within its jurisdiction" was intended in a broad sense to offer the guarantee of equal protection to all within a state's boundaries, and to all upon whom the state would impose the obligations of its laws. ..... 31 , put it well in stating that, to the extent this court raises or lowers the degree of "judicial scrutiny" in equal protection cases according to a transient court majority's view of the societal importance of the interest affected, we "assum[e] a legislative role, and one for which the court lacks both ..... first suggests that these illegal alien children, although not a suspect class, are entitled to special solicitude under the equal protection clause because they lack "control" over or "responsibility" for their unlawful entry into this country. ..... furthermore, i believe that the facts of these cases demonstrate the wisdom of rejecting a rigidified approach to equal protection analysis, and of employing an approach that allows for varying levels of scrutiny depending upon "the constitutional and societal importance of the interest adversely affected and the recognized invidiousness of the basis ..... 15 ] in determining whether a class-based denial of a particular right is deserving of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause, we look to the constitution to see if the right infringed has its source, explicitly or implicitly, therein .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... appellants, residents of alaska since 1978, brought this suit in 1980 challenging the dividend distribution plan as violative of their right to equal protection guarantees and their constitutional right to migrate to alaska, to establish residency there, and thereafter to enjoy the full rights of alaska page 457 u. s ..... when a state distributes benefits unequally, the distinctions it makes are subject to scrutiny under the equal protection clause, and generally a law will survive that scrutiny if the distinctions rationally further a legitimate state purpose. pp ..... this court has long held that state economic regulations are presumptively valid, and violate the fourteenth amendment only in the rarest of circumstances: "when local economic regulation is challenged solely as violating the equal protection clause, this court consistently defers to legislative determinations as to the desirability of particular statutory discriminations. ..... while some imprecision is unavoidable in the process of legislative classification, the ideal of equal protection requires attention to individual merit, to individual need. ..... court strikes alaska's distribution scheme, purporting to rely solely upon the equal protection clause of the fourteenth page 457 u. s. ..... the fourteenth amendment guarantees the equal protection of the law to anyone who may be within the territorial jurisdiction of a ..... right to travel cases have examined, in equal protection terms, state distinctions between newcomers and longer term .....
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..... [ footnote 7 ] in relying on these cases and rejecting lincoln in western & southern, we reaffirmed the continuing viability of the equal protection clause as a means of challenging a statute that seeks to benefit domestic industry within the state only by grossly discriminating against foreign competitors. ..... we therefore rejected the longstanding but "anachronis[tic]" rule of lincoln, and explicitly held that the equal protection clause imposes limits upon a state's power to condition the right of a foreign corporation to do business within its borders. ..... though economists might dispute the efficacy of alabama's tax, "[p]arties challenging legislation under the equal protection clause cannot prevail so long as" "it is evident from all the considerations presented to [the legislature], and those of which we may take judicial notice, that the question is at least debatable. ..... 648 (1981), the court ruled that the alabama statute did not violate the equal protection clause because it served "at least two purposes, in addition to raising revenue: (1) encouraging the formation of new insurance companies in alabama, and (2) encouraging capital investment by foreign insurance companies in the alabama assets and governmental securities set ..... 494 (1926), as well as to later decisions, in which the court had recognized that the equal protection clause placed limits on other forms of discriminatory taxation imposed on out-of-state corporations solely because of their residence. .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... directly from the same actions in the past that are the subject of the petitioners' trust claims, but the essence of the equal protection allegation is the present disparity in the distribution of the benefits of state-held assets, and not the past actions of the state ..... pupil are fatal to petitioners' claims, a second set of statistics provides an additional reason to conclude that an equal protection claim concerning alleged disparities in sixteenth section lands should not survive a motion to dismiss under federal rule of civil procedure ..... process by denial of "free appropriate public education" and -- of relevance to the case as it stands before this court -- violations of equal protection by disparate distribution of certain funds and by infringement upon the "fundamental rights" of "a suspect class" to "a minimally adequate level of ..... neither the court of appeals nor the parties have addressed the equal protection issue as we think it is posed by this case: given that the state has title to assets granted to it by the federal government for the use of the state's schools, does the equal protection clause permit it to distribute the benefit of these assets unequally ..... basis for the assumption that petitioners can prove that students in chickasaw cession districts have been detrimentally affected by this differential, and i do not believe that petitioners have asserted an equal protection claim that can survive a motion to dismiss under federal rule of civil procedure 12(b)(6). .....
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