Court : Supreme Court of India
..... 4. subsequent to the filing of the above writ petitions, articles 15 and 16 of the constitution have been amended vide the constitution (ninety-third amendment) act, 2005, and the constitution (eighty- first amendment) act, 2000, respectively, which amendment acts have been the subject-matter of subsequent decisions of this court in m. nagaraj v. union of india (2006 ..... individual norm created by the judicial 153 decision is a stage in a process beginning with the establishment of the first constitution, continued by legislation and customs, and leading to the judicial decisions. the court not merely formulates already existing law although it is generally asserted to be so. it does not ..... discrimination against the applicant, a white resident, but rather a failure on the part of the local authority to put down a basis for the differential levy of tariffs, rooted in substantive equality:37. he judge in a democracy, aharon barak at p.248. 38harksen v. lane 1997 (11) bclr1489(cc) at 1511c. 39 .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : Supreme Court of India
..... for every fasli was envisaged. an explanation to the said section was added and was deemed always to have been incorporated by the tamil nadu panchayats (amendment and miscellaneous provisions) act, 1964 (amending act) which provided as under: explanation- in this section and in section 116, land revenue means public revenue due on land and includes water cess payable ..... lists in the seventh schedule of the constitution.255 the occurrence of the taxable event creates or attracts the liability to tax.256 for example, in re sea customs act, s.20(2),257 this court held that in the case of excise duties, the taxable event is the manufacture of goods and the duty is not directly ..... 2 scc410[5].. 151 jindal stainless steel (supra) [730.1]. 152 thomas cooley, the law of taxation (4th edn, 1924) 74 153 sea customs act, s202), in re, 1963 scc online sc40[37]. (held that customs duty or excise duty was an impost within the meaning of article 366(28)); 154 cce v. chhata sugar co. ltd., (2004) 3 scc466[ .....
Tag this Judgment!Court : US Supreme Court
..... incorporation, 18 j. contemp. legal issues 361, 383 384 (2009) (discussing evidence that the freedmen s bureau was focused on discrimination). another fourteenth amendment predecessor, the civil rights act of 1866, also took aim at discrimination. see 1, 14 stat. 27 (citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition ..... of generality they chose when they crafted its language; it promises an objectivity it cannot deliver and masks the value judgments that pervade any analysis of what customs, defined in what manner, are sufficiently rooted ; it countenances the most revolting injustices in the name of continuity,[ footnote 20 ] for we must ..... u. s. 145 , 182, n. 21 (1968) (harlan, j., dissenting). when one legal standard must prevail across dozens of jurisdictions with disparate needs and customs, courts will often settle on a relaxed standard. this watering-down risk is particularly acute when we move beyond the narrow realm of criminal procedure and into the .....
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