New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. Vs. Armstrong

Decided On : Apr-05-1886

Court : US Supreme Court

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 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong - 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 New York Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Armstrong
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued March 16-17, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided April 5, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 117 U.S. 591
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance payable to the assured or his assigns at a future day named, or if he should die before that day to his legal representatives within sixty days after notice and proof of his death, is assignable if the assignment is not made to cover a speculative risk, and an assignment of it passes to the assignee the right to receive the sum insured in case of the death of the assured before the day named.
 </p>
<p>
 Proof that the assignee of a policy of life insurance caused the death of the assured by felonious means is sufficient to defeat a recovery on the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 In a suit brought by an assignee of a policy of life insurance, obtained on the application of the assured at the instigation of the assignee, to recover of the insurers after the death of the assured, the defendants set up that it was plaintiff's purpose, in procuring the insurance to be obtained, to cheat and defraud defendants, and offered to show that he effected insurances upon the life of the assured in other companies at or about the same time for the like fraudulent purpose.
 <em>
 Held
 </em>
 that the evidence was admissible.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="392">
 Page 117 U. S. 392
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 On the 8th of December, 1877, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York issued a policy of insurance on the life of John M. Armstrong, of Philadelphia, for $10,000. It was what is known as an endowment policy -- that is, a policy payable to the assured if he live a designated time, but to some other person named if he die before the expiration of that time. It was payable, subject to certain conditions, to the assured
 <em>
 or his assigns
 </em>
 on the 8th of December, 1897 at the office of the company in New York, or, if he should die before that time, to
 <em>
 his legal representatives,
 </em>
 within sixty days after notice and proof of his death. It recited that it was issued in consideration of his application and of the statements contained therein, which, whether written by his own hand or not, every person accepting or acquiring any interest in the contract adopted and warranted to be true, and the only statements upon which the contract was made, and in further consideration of the payment of $138.60 quarterly each year during the continuance of the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 25th of January, 1878, Armstrong died, and his widow was appointed administratrix of his estate. The required notice and proof of his death were furnished, and the insurance money not being paid, she brought this action for its recovery in a court of the State of New York, and, on motion of the company, it was removed to the circuit court of the United States.
 </p>
<p>
 The company set up several special defenses to the action. One of them was that the policy was obtained by one Benjamin Hunter with the intent to cheat and defraud the company by compassing the death of the assured by felonious means and collecting the amount of the insurance, and which he attempted to carry out by causing his death. Another was that the statements made in the application of the assured as to previous insurances upon his life were false, the amounts being much larger than those stated.
 </p>
<p>
 On the trial, it appeared in evidence that on the 3d or 4th of December, 1877, Hunter made some inquiries at the office of the company in Philadelphia as to the rates of insurance on the life of a person aged forty or forty-one years upon an
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="593">
 Page 117 U. S. 593
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 endowment policy of twenty years, stating that he thought of insuring for his own benefit the life of a person in the sum of $10,000. After some conversation on the subject of insurance generally, he left, stating that the person to be insured would probably call in a day or two. On the 5th of the month, Armstrong called and informed the agent that he came at the request of Hunter to make application for a life insurance. He was thereupon examined, and after answering the questions usually propounded to applicants, and among others those in relation to existing insurances on his life, he signed a formal application, leaving, however, blank the place for the amount of the insurance which he desired, and for the answer to the question touching the payments of the premium. He also executed an assignment of the policy, leaving blanks for its date and for that of the policy, and for the name and residence of the assignee. This was his entire connection with the transaction. In the afternoon of the same day or on the following morning, Hunter informed the office that the amount of the insurance desired was $10,000, and that it would be more convenient for him to pay the premiums quarterly. The term "quarterly" and the sum "$10,000" were therefore, upon his instructions, inserted in the application, which was then sent to New York, and a policy was there executed by the company. Before the receipt of the policy in Philadelphia, he visited the office and stated that as he intended to leave the city and be absent for some time, he would pay the premium, and that his lawyer would call for the policy. He accordingly paid the stipulated premium and the fee for the policy. Some days afterwards, his lawyer received the policy and also the assignment, which was attached, the blanks having been filled. They were subsequently delivered to Hunter, and were found in his possession at his death.
 </p>
<p>
 Within six weeks after the policy was issued, Armstrong was attacked at night in a street in Camden, New Jersey, and received blows on his head which fractured his skull, from the effects of which he died two days afterwards. Suspicion fell upon Hunter as the perpetrator or instigator of the attack. He was accordingly arrested, and was indicted and tried for the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="594">
 Page 117 U. S. 594
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 murder of Armstrong in one of the courts of that state, and was convicted. He was sentenced to death, and was hanged. By stipulation, the testimony of any living witness might be read from the record of his testimony in that case with like effect as if he were present and testified in this action, subject to all legal objections to its relevancy, competency, and materiality. As the first step in proof of the defense that the policy was obtained to cheat and defraud the company, the defendant offered to read from that record the testimony of a witness to show that Hunter, being at the time the sole owner of the policy, intentionally caused the death of Armstrong; but the court, upon objection of the plaintiff, excluded the testimony, and an exception was taken. The defendant offered in different forms to make this proof, but the court refused to receive it, accompanying its ruling in one instance with this statement to counsel:
 </p>
<p>
 "I will take your offer as broad as you choose to make it -- that you offer the testimony to prove that Hunter procured the application for the policy on Armstrong to be made, and that he did so for the purpose of having the insurance effected, and then disposing of Armstrong, and then getting the money; make it as broad as that, and I will exclude it."
 </p>
<p>
 The defendant also offered to prove that about the time the policy in suit was issued, Hunter, with like fraudulent intent, obtained policies of insurance in two other companies upon the life of Armstrong, one made directly to himself and the other to Armstrong, with an assignment executed simultaneously to himself, and that he paid the premiums thereon, one of the policies being for $10,000 and the other for $6,000, but, upon the objection of the plaintiff, the testimony was excluded, and an exception taken.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, instructed the jury in substance that the contract of insurance was divisible; that the last part, providing for the payment of the insurance money to the legal representatives of Armstrong in case he should die before the expiration of the policy, was not assignable; that his assignment only transferred the interest payable at the expiration of the policy, and that the plaintiff was his legal representative,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="595">
 Page 117 U. S. 595
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 entitled to the policy, and to whatever was due upon it. The defendant excepted. A verdict for the full amount of the policy, with interest, was rendered, and judgment entered thereon. 11 F. 573.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="597">
 Page 117 U. S. 597
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE FIELD, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 From the charge of the court and its opinion on the motion for a new trial, 11 F. 573, it appears that the refusal to admit testimony of Hunter's fraudulent purpose in procuring the policy and his feloniously causing, while the sole owner of it, the death of the assured was founded upon the assumption that the insurance money, payable in case the death occurred before the expiration of the policy, went to the legal representatives of the assured, and was not assignable, and that the assignment not taking effect, Hunter had no interest in the policy, and therefore if he did feloniously cause the death, the fact could have had no effect in controlling the payment.
 </p>
<p>
 Assuming this to be the reason for excluding the evidence offered, the ruling cannot be upheld. The position that the assignment did not take effect because the assured died before the expiration of the policy is untenable. The provision for payment in such case to his legal representatives was intended to meet the contingency of his dying without having disposed of his interest, and not to limit his power over the contract during his life, and pass the insurance to those who should represent him after his death. The term "legal representatives" is not necessarily restricted to the personal representatives of one deceased, but is sufficiently broad to cover all persons who, with respect to his property, stand in his place and represent his interest, whether transferred to them by his act or by operation of law. It may in this case include assigns as well as executors and administrators.
 <em>
 New York Life Insurance Co. v. Flack,
 </em>
 3 Md. 341.
 </p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance, without restrictive words, is assignable by the assured for a valuable consideration equally with any other chose in action where the assignment is not made to cover a mere speculative risk and thus evade the law against wager policies, and payment thereof may be enforced for the benefit of the assignee, and, under the system of procedure
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="598">
 Page 117 U. S. 598
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in many states, in his name.
 <em>
 Warnock v. Davis,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis">
 104 U. S. 775
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis#780">
 104 U. S. 780
 </a>
</span>
 ;
 <em>
 Archibald v. Mutual Ins. Co. of Chicago,
 </em>
 38 Wis. 542, 545;
 <em>
 De Ronge v. Elliott,
 </em>
 23 N.J.Eq. 487, 495. The assignee here, Hunter, represented that he was the special partner of Armstrong and had placed $5,000 in the partnership, and was apprehensive that he might be charged as a general partner. If he was a special partner, the contract was not a wager policy, and as it was not a contract for the benefit of the wife of the assured, it does not fall within those cases where, for the protection of the beneficiary, the power of the assured to divert the course of payment is restricted.
 </p>
<p>
 The assignment conveying to Hunter the whole interest of the assured, his representatives alone would have a valid claim under it if the policy were not void in its inception. Proof, therefore, that he caused the death of the assured by felonious means must necessarily have defeated a recovery, and the court erred in refusing to admit testimony tending to prove that such was the fact.
 </p>
<p>
 The theory of the defense is that the purpose of Hunter in obtaining the insurance was to cheat and defraud the company. In support of that position, evidence that he effected insurances upon the life of Armstrong in other companies at or about the same time for a like fraudulent purpose was admissible. A repetition of acts of the same character naturally indicates the same purpose in all of them, and if, when considered together, they cannot be reasonably explained without ascribing a particular motive to the perpetrator, such motive will be considered as prompting each act. A creditor has an insurable interest in the life of his debtor, and may very properly procure an insurance upon it for an amount sufficient to secure his debt; but if he takes out policies in different companies at or nearly the same time, and thus increases the insurance far beyond any reasonable security for the debt, an inquiry at once arises as to his motive, and it may be considered as governing him in each insurance. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/80913/castle-vs-bullard#173">
 Castle v. Bullard,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 23 How. 173, where the defendants were charged with having fraudulently sold the goods of the plaintiff, evidence that they had committed similar
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="599">
 Page 117 U. S. 599
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 fraudulent acts at or about the same time was allowed with a view to establish their alleged intent with respect to the matters in issue. The Court said:
 </p>
<p>
 "Similar fraudulent acts are admissible in cases of this description if committed at or about the same time, and when the same motive may reasonably be supposed to exist, with a view to establish the intent of the defendant in respect to the matters charged against him in the declaration."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/81596/lincoln-vs-claflin">
 Lincoln v. Claflin,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Wall. 132, an action was brought for fraudulently obtaining property, and evidence of other frauds of a like character committed by the defendants at or near the same time was held to be admissible. "Its admissibility," said the Court,
 </p>
<p>
 "is placed on the ground that where transactions of a similar character executed by the same parties are closely connected in time, the inference is reasonable that they proceed from the same motive. The principle is asserted in
 <em>
 Carry v. Hotailing,
 </em>
 1 Hill 311, and is sustained by numerous authorities. The case of fraud, as there stated, is among the few exceptions to the general rule that other offenses of the accused are not relevant to establish the main charge. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins">
 Butler v. Watkins,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 13 Wall. 456,
 <span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins#464">
 80 U. S. 464
 </a>
</span>
 , speaking on the same subject, this Court said:"
 </p>
<p>
 "In actions for fraud, large latitude is always given to the admission of evidence. If a motive exist prompting to a particular line of conduct, and it be shown that in pursuing that line a defendant has deceived and defrauded one person, it may justly be inferred that similar conduct toward another at or about the same time and in relation to a like subject was actuated by the same spirit."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
 Bottomley v. United States,
 </em>
 1 Story 135, 144, Mr. Justice Story held the same doctrine and cited several instances of its application. Thus, in the case of a prosecution for uttering counterfeit money, the fact that the prisoner has in his possession, or has uttered, other counterfeit money is held to be proper evidence to show his guilty knowledge, and upon an indictment for receiving stolen goods, evidence that the prisoner had received at various other times different parcels of goods which had been stolen from the same persons is held admissible in proof of his guilty knowledge. So, on an indictment for a conspiracy to create public discontent and disaffection, proof is admissible against
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="600">
 Page 117 U. S. 600
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the prisoner that at another meeting, held for an object professedly similar at which the prisoner was chairman, resolutions were passed of a character to create such discontent and disaffection. "In short," said the learned justice,
 </p>
<p>
 "wherever the intent or guilty knowledge of a party is a material ingredient in the issue of a cause, these collateral facts, tending to establish such intent or knowledge, are proper evidence. In many cases of fraud it would be otherwise impossible satisfactorily to establish the true nature and character of the act."
 </p>
<p>
 Many other authorities might be cited to the same purport.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence offered that Hunter obtained insurances in other companies on the life of Armstrong at or near the same time was, under these authorities, clearly admissible. It tended to establish the theory of the defendant that the insurance in this case was obtained by Hunter upon the premeditated purpose to cheat and defraud the company. Especially would it have had that effect if followed by proof of the manner of the death of Armstrong.
 </p>
<p>
 But, independently of any proof of the motives of Hunter in obtaining the policy, and even assuming that they were just and proper, he forfeited all rights under it when, to secure its immediate payment, he murdered the assured. It would be a reproach to the jurisprudence of the country if one could recover insurance money payable on the death of the party whose life he had feloniously taken. As well might he recover insurance money upon a building that he had willfully fired.
 </p>
<p>
 This view renders it unnecessary to consider the effect upon the policy of the statements made in the application of the assured as to the amount of other insurances on his life.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MATTHEW, did not sit in this case nor take part in its decision.
 </p>
<br/>
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 ',
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 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong - 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 New York Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Armstrong
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued March 16-17, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided April 5, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 117 U.S. 591
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance payable to the assured or his assigns at a future day named, or if he should die before that day to his legal representatives within sixty days after notice and proof of his death, is assignable if the assignment is not made to cover a speculative risk, and an assignment of it passes to the assignee the right to receive the sum insured in case of the death of the assured before the day named.
 </p>
<p>
 Proof that the assignee of a policy of life insurance caused the death of the assured by felonious means is sufficient to defeat a recovery on the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 In a suit brought by an assignee of a policy of life insurance, obtained on the application of the assured at the instigation of the assignee, to recover of the insurers after the death of the assured, the defendants set up that it was plaintiff's purpose, in procuring the insurance to be obtained, to cheat and defraud defendants, and offered to show that he effected insurances upon the life of the assured in other companies at or about the same time for the like fraudulent purpose.
 <em>
 Held
 </em>
 that the evidence was admissible.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="392">
 Page 117 U. S. 392
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 On the 8th of December, 1877, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York issued a policy of insurance on the life of John M. Armstrong, of Philadelphia, for $10,000. It was what is known as an endowment policy -- that is, a policy payable to the assured if he live a designated time, but to some other person named if he die before the expiration of that time. It was payable, subject to certain conditions, to the assured
 <em>
 or his assigns
 </em>
 on the 8th of December, 1897 at the office of the company in New York, or, if he should die before that time, to
 <em>
 his legal representatives,
 </em>
 within sixty days after notice and proof of his death. It recited that it was issued in consideration of his application and of the statements contained therein, which, whether written by his own hand or not, every person accepting or acquiring any interest in the contract adopted and warranted to be true, and the only statements upon which the contract was made, and in further consideration of the payment of $138.60 quarterly each year during the continuance of the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 25th of January, 1878, Armstrong died, and his widow was appointed administratrix of his estate. The required notice and proof of his death were furnished, and the insurance money not being paid, she brought this action for its recovery in a court of the State of New York, and, on motion of the company, it was removed to the circuit court of the United States.
 </p>
<p>
 The company set up several special defenses to the action. One of them was that the policy was obtained by one Benjamin Hunter with the intent to cheat and defraud the company by compassing the death of the assured by felonious means and collecting the amount of the insurance, and which he attempted to carry out by causing his death. Another was that the statements made in the application of the assured as to previous insurances upon his life were false, the amounts being much larger than those stated.
 </p>
<p>
 On the trial, it appeared in evidence that on the 3d or 4th of December, 1877, Hunter made some inquiries at the office of the company in Philadelphia as to the rates of insurance on the life of a person aged forty or forty-one years upon an
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="593">
 Page 117 U. S. 593
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 endowment policy of twenty years, stating that he thought of insuring for his own benefit the life of a person in the sum of $10,000. After some conversation on the subject of insurance generally, he left, stating that the person to be insured would probably call in a day or two. On the 5th of the month, Armstrong called and informed the agent that he came at the request of Hunter to make application for a life insurance. He was thereupon examined, and after answering the questions usually propounded to applicants, and among others those in relation to existing insurances on his life, he signed a formal application, leaving, however, blank the place for the amount of the insurance which he desired, and for the answer to the question touching the payments of the premium. He also executed an assignment of the policy, leaving blanks for its date and for that of the policy, and for the name and residence of the assignee. This was his entire connection with the transaction. In the afternoon of the same day or on the following morning, Hunter informed the office that the amount of the insurance desired was $10,000, and that it would be more convenient for him to pay the premiums quarterly. The term "quarterly" and the sum "$10,000" were therefore, upon his instructions, inserted in the application, which was then sent to New York, and a policy was there executed by the company. Before the receipt of the policy in Philadelphia, he visited the office and stated that as he intended to leave the city and be absent for some time, he would pay the premium, and that his lawyer would call for the policy. He accordingly paid the stipulated premium and the fee for the policy. Some days afterwards, his lawyer received the policy and also the assignment, which was attached, the blanks having been filled. They were subsequently delivered to Hunter, and were found in his possession at his death.
 </p>
<p>
 Within six weeks after the policy was issued, Armstrong was attacked at night in a street in Camden, New Jersey, and received blows on his head which fractured his skull, from the effects of which he died two days afterwards. Suspicion fell upon Hunter as the perpetrator or instigator of the attack. He was accordingly arrested, and was indicted and tried for the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="594">
 Page 117 U. S. 594
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 murder of Armstrong in one of the courts of that state, and was convicted. He was sentenced to death, and was hanged. By stipulation, the testimony of any living witness might be read from the record of his testimony in that case with like effect as if he were present and testified in this action, subject to all legal objections to its relevancy, competency, and materiality. As the first step in proof of the defense that the policy was obtained to cheat and defraud the company, the defendant offered to read from that record the testimony of a witness to show that Hunter, being at the time the sole owner of the policy, intentionally caused the death of Armstrong; but the court, upon objection of the plaintiff, excluded the testimony, and an exception was taken. The defendant offered in different forms to make this proof, but the court refused to receive it, accompanying its ruling in one instance with this statement to counsel:
 </p>
<p>
 "I will take your offer as broad as you choose to make it -- that you offer the testimony to prove that Hunter procured the application for the policy on Armstrong to be made, and that he did so for the purpose of having the insurance effected, and then disposing of Armstrong, and then getting the money; make it as broad as that, and I will exclude it."
 </p>
<p>
 The defendant also offered to prove that about the time the policy in suit was issued, Hunter, with like fraudulent intent, obtained policies of insurance in two other companies upon the life of Armstrong, one made directly to himself and the other to Armstrong, with an assignment executed simultaneously to himself, and that he paid the premiums thereon, one of the policies being for $10,000 and the other for $6,000, but, upon the objection of the plaintiff, the testimony was excluded, and an exception taken.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, instructed the jury in substance that the contract of insurance was divisible; that the last part, providing for the payment of the insurance money to the legal representatives of Armstrong in case he should die before the expiration of the policy, was not assignable; that his assignment only transferred the interest payable at the expiration of the policy, and that the plaintiff was his legal representative,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="595">
 Page 117 U. S. 595
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 entitled to the policy, and to whatever was due upon it. The defendant excepted. A verdict for the full amount of the policy, with interest, was rendered, and judgment entered thereon. 11 F. 573.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="597">
 Page 117 U. S. 597
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE FIELD, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 From the charge of the court and its opinion on the motion for a new trial, 11 F. 573, it appears that the refusal to admit testimony of Hunter's fraudulent purpose in procuring the policy and his feloniously causing, while the sole owner of it, the death of the assured was founded upon the assumption that the insurance money, payable in case the death occurred before the expiration of the policy, went to the legal representatives of the assured, and was not assignable, and that the assignment not taking effect, Hunter had no interest in the policy, and therefore if he did feloniously cause the death, the fact could have had no effect in controlling the payment.
 </p>
<p>
 Assuming this to be the reason for excluding the evidence offered, the ruling cannot be upheld. The position that the assignment did not take effect because the assured died before the expiration of the policy is untenable. The provision for payment in such case to his legal representatives was intended to meet the contingency of his dying without having disposed of his interest, and not to limit his power over the contract during his life, and pass the insurance to those who should represent him after his death. The term "legal representatives" is not necessarily restricted to the personal representatives of one deceased, but is sufficiently broad to cover all persons who, with respect to his property, stand in his place and represent his interest, whether transferred to them by his act or by operation of law. It may in this case include assigns as well as executors and administrators.
 <em>
 New York Life Insurance Co. v. Flack,
 </em>
 3 Md. 341.
 </p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance, without restrictive words, is assignable by the assured for a valuable consideration equally with any other chose in action where the assignment is not made to cover a mere speculative risk and thus evade the law against wager policies, and payment thereof may be enforced for the benefit of the assignee, and, under the system of procedure
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="598">
 Page 117 U. S. 598
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in many states, in his name.
 <em>
 Warnock v. Davis,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis">
 104 U. S. 775
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis#780">
 104 U. S. 780
 </a>
</span>
 ;
 <em>
 Archibald v. Mutual Ins. Co. of Chicago,
 </em>
 38 Wis. 542, 545;
 <em>
 De Ronge v. Elliott,
 </em>
 23 N.J.Eq. 487, 495. The assignee here, Hunter, represented that he was the special partner of Armstrong and had placed $5,000 in the partnership, and was apprehensive that he might be charged as a general partner. If he was a special partner, the contract was not a wager policy, and as it was not a contract for the benefit of the wife of the assured, it does not fall within those cases where, for the protection of the beneficiary, the power of the assured to divert the course of payment is restricted.
 </p>
<p>
 The assignment conveying to Hunter the whole interest of the assured, his representatives alone would have a valid claim under it if the policy were not void in its inception. Proof, therefore, that he caused the death of the assured by felonious means must necessarily have defeated a recovery, and the court erred in refusing to admit testimony tending to prove that such was the fact.
 </p>
<p>
 The theory of the defense is that the purpose of Hunter in obtaining the insurance was to cheat and defraud the company. In support of that position, evidence that he effected insurances upon the life of Armstrong in other companies at or about the same time for a like fraudulent purpose was admissible. A repetition of acts of the same character naturally indicates the same purpose in all of them, and if, when considered together, they cannot be reasonably explained without ascribing a particular motive to the perpetrator, such motive will be considered as prompting each act. A creditor has an insurable interest in the life of his debtor, and may very properly procure an insurance upon it for an amount sufficient to secure his debt; but if he takes out policies in different companies at or nearly the same time, and thus increases the insurance far beyond any reasonable security for the debt, an inquiry at once arises as to his motive, and it may be considered as governing him in each insurance. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/80913/castle-vs-bullard#173">
 Castle v. Bullard,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 23 How. 173, where the defendants were charged with having fraudulently sold the goods of the plaintiff, evidence that they had committed similar
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="599">
 Page 117 U. S. 599
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 fraudulent acts at or about the same time was allowed with a view to establish their alleged intent with respect to the matters in issue. The Court said:
 </p>
<p>
 "Similar fraudulent acts are admissible in cases of this description if committed at or about the same time, and when the same motive may reasonably be supposed to exist, with a view to establish the intent of the defendant in respect to the matters charged against him in the declaration."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/81596/lincoln-vs-claflin">
 Lincoln v. Claflin,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Wall. 132, an action was brought for fraudulently obtaining property, and evidence of other frauds of a like character committed by the defendants at or near the same time was held to be admissible. "Its admissibility," said the Court,
 </p>
<p>
 "is placed on the ground that where transactions of a similar character executed by the same parties are closely connected in time, the inference is reasonable that they proceed from the same motive. The principle is asserted in
 <em>
 Carry v. Hotailing,
 </em>
 1 Hill 311, and is sustained by numerous authorities. The case of fraud, as there stated, is among the few exceptions to the general rule that other offenses of the accused are not relevant to establish the main charge. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins">
 Butler v. Watkins,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 13 Wall. 456,
 <span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins#464">
 80 U. S. 464
 </a>
</span>
 , speaking on the same subject, this Court said:"
 </p>
<p>
 "In actions for fraud, large latitude is always given to the admission of evidence. If a motive exist prompting to a particular line of conduct, and it be shown that in pursuing that line a defendant has deceived and defrauded one person, it may justly be inferred that similar conduct toward another at or about the same time and in relation to a like subject was actuated by the same spirit."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
 Bottomley v. United States,
 </em>
 1 Story 135, 144, Mr. Justice Story held the same doctrine and cited several instances of its application. Thus, in the case of a prosecution for uttering counterfeit money, the fact that the prisoner has in his possession, or has uttered, other counterfeit money is held to be proper evidence to show his guilty knowledge, and upon an indictment for receiving stolen goods, evidence that the prisoner had received at various other times different parcels of goods which had been stolen from the same persons is held admissible in proof of his guilty knowledge. So, on an indictment for a conspiracy to create public discontent and disaffection, proof is admissible against
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="600">
 Page 117 U. S. 600
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the prisoner that at another meeting, held for an object professedly similar at which the prisoner was chairman, resolutions were passed of a character to create such discontent and disaffection. "In short," said the learned justice,
 </p>
<p>
 "wherever the intent or guilty knowledge of a party is a material ingredient in the issue of a cause, these collateral facts, tending to establish such intent or knowledge, are proper evidence. In many cases of fraud it would be otherwise impossible satisfactorily to establish the true nature and character of the act."
 </p>
<p>
 Many other authorities might be cited to the same purport.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence offered that Hunter obtained insurances in other companies on the life of Armstrong at or near the same time was, under these authorities, clearly admissible. It tended to establish the theory of the defendant that the insurance in this case was obtained by Hunter upon the premeditated purpose to cheat and defraud the company. Especially would it have had that effect if followed by proof of the manner of the death of Armstrong.
 </p>
<p>
 But, independently of any proof of the motives of Hunter in obtaining the policy, and even assuming that they were just and proper, he forfeited all rights under it when, to secure its immediate payment, he murdered the assured. It would be a reproach to the jurisprudence of the country if one could recover insurance money payable on the death of the party whose life he had feloniously taken. As well might he recover insurance money upon a building that he had willfully fired.
 </p>
<p>
 This view renders it unnecessary to consider the effect upon the policy of the statements made in the application of the assured as to the amount of other insurances on his life.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MATTHEW, did not sit in this case nor take part in its decision.
 </p>
<br/>
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 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong - 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 New York Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Armstrong
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued March 16-17, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided April 5, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 117 U.S. 591
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance payable to the assured or his assigns at a future day named, or if he should die before that day to his legal representatives within sixty days after notice and proof of his death, is assignable if the assignment is not made to cover a speculative risk, and an assignment of it passes to the assignee the right to receive the sum insured in case of the death of the assured before the day named.
 </p>
<p>
 Proof that the assignee of a policy of life insurance caused the death of the assured by felonious means is sufficient to defeat a recovery on the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 In a suit brought by an assignee of a policy of life insurance, obtained on the application of the assured at the instigation of the assignee, to recover of the insurers after the death of the assured, the defendants set up that it was plaintiff's purpose, in procuring the insurance to be obtained, to cheat and defraud defendants, and offered to show that he effected insurances upon the life of the assured in other companies at or about the same time for the like fraudulent purpose.
 <em>
 Held
 </em>
 that the evidence was admissible.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="392">
 Page 117 U. S. 392
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 On the 8th of December, 1877, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York issued a policy of insurance on the life of John M. Armstrong, of Philadelphia, for $10,000. It was what is known as an endowment policy -- that is, a policy payable to the assured if he live a designated time, but to some other person named if he die before the expiration of that time. It was payable, subject to certain conditions, to the assured
 <em>
 or his assigns
 </em>
 on the 8th of December, 1897 at the office of the company in New York, or, if he should die before that time, to
 <em>
 his legal representatives,
 </em>
 within sixty days after notice and proof of his death. It recited that it was issued in consideration of his application and of the statements contained therein, which, whether written by his own hand or not, every person accepting or acquiring any interest in the contract adopted and warranted to be true, and the only statements upon which the contract was made, and in further consideration of the payment of $138.60 quarterly each year during the continuance of the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 25th of January, 1878, Armstrong died, and his widow was appointed administratrix of his estate. The required notice and proof of his death were furnished, and the insurance money not being paid, she brought this action for its recovery in a court of the State of New York, and, on motion of the company, it was removed to the circuit court of the United States.
 </p>
<p>
 The company set up several special defenses to the action. One of them was that the policy was obtained by one Benjamin Hunter with the intent to cheat and defraud the company by compassing the death of the assured by felonious means and collecting the amount of the insurance, and which he attempted to carry out by causing his death. Another was that the statements made in the application of the assured as to previous insurances upon his life were false, the amounts being much larger than those stated.
 </p>
<p>
 On the trial, it appeared in evidence that on the 3d or 4th of December, 1877, Hunter made some inquiries at the office of the company in Philadelphia as to the rates of insurance on the life of a person aged forty or forty-one years upon an
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="593">
 Page 117 U. S. 593
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 endowment policy of twenty years, stating that he thought of insuring for his own benefit the life of a person in the sum of $10,000. After some conversation on the subject of insurance generally, he left, stating that the person to be insured would probably call in a day or two. On the 5th of the month, Armstrong called and informed the agent that he came at the request of Hunter to make application for a life insurance. He was thereupon examined, and after answering the questions usually propounded to applicants, and among others those in relation to existing insurances on his life, he signed a formal application, leaving, however, blank the place for the amount of the insurance which he desired, and for the answer to the question touching the payments of the premium. He also executed an assignment of the policy, leaving blanks for its date and for that of the policy, and for the name and residence of the assignee. This was his entire connection with the transaction. In the afternoon of the same day or on the following morning, Hunter informed the office that the amount of the insurance desired was $10,000, and that it would be more convenient for him to pay the premiums quarterly. The term "quarterly" and the sum "$10,000" were therefore, upon his instructions, inserted in the application, which was then sent to New York, and a policy was there executed by the company. Before the receipt of the policy in Philadelphia, he visited the office and stated that as he intended to leave the city and be absent for some time, he would pay the premium, and that his lawyer would call for the policy. He accordingly paid the stipulated premium and the fee for the policy. Some days afterwards, his lawyer received the policy and also the assignment, which was attached, the blanks having been filled. They were subsequently delivered to Hunter, and were found in his possession at his death.
 </p>
<p>
 Within six weeks after the policy was issued, Armstrong was attacked at night in a street in Camden, New Jersey, and received blows on his head which fractured his skull, from the effects of which he died two days afterwards. Suspicion fell upon Hunter as the perpetrator or instigator of the attack. He was accordingly arrested, and was indicted and tried for the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="594">
 Page 117 U. S. 594
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 murder of Armstrong in one of the courts of that state, and was convicted. He was sentenced to death, and was hanged. By stipulation, the testimony of any living witness might be read from the record of his testimony in that case with like effect as if he were present and testified in this action, subject to all legal objections to its relevancy, competency, and materiality. As the first step in proof of the defense that the policy was obtained to cheat and defraud the company, the defendant offered to read from that record the testimony of a witness to show that Hunter, being at the time the sole owner of the policy, intentionally caused the death of Armstrong; but the court, upon objection of the plaintiff, excluded the testimony, and an exception was taken. The defendant offered in different forms to make this proof, but the court refused to receive it, accompanying its ruling in one instance with this statement to counsel:
 </p>
<p>
 "I will take your offer as broad as you choose to make it -- that you offer the testimony to prove that Hunter procured the application for the policy on Armstrong to be made, and that he did so for the purpose of having the insurance effected, and then disposing of Armstrong, and then getting the money; make it as broad as that, and I will exclude it."
 </p>
<p>
 The defendant also offered to prove that about the time the policy in suit was issued, Hunter, with like fraudulent intent, obtained policies of insurance in two other companies upon the life of Armstrong, one made directly to himself and the other to Armstrong, with an assignment executed simultaneously to himself, and that he paid the premiums thereon, one of the policies being for $10,000 and the other for $6,000, but, upon the objection of the plaintiff, the testimony was excluded, and an exception taken.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, instructed the jury in substance that the contract of insurance was divisible; that the last part, providing for the payment of the insurance money to the legal representatives of Armstrong in case he should die before the expiration of the policy, was not assignable; that his assignment only transferred the interest payable at the expiration of the policy, and that the plaintiff was his legal representative,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="595">
 Page 117 U. S. 595
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 entitled to the policy, and to whatever was due upon it. The defendant excepted. A verdict for the full amount of the policy, with interest, was rendered, and judgment entered thereon. 11 F. 573.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="597">
 Page 117 U. S. 597
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE FIELD, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 From the charge of the court and its opinion on the motion for a new trial, 11 F. 573, it appears that the refusal to admit testimony of Hunter's fraudulent purpose in procuring the policy and his feloniously causing, while the sole owner of it, the death of the assured was founded upon the assumption that the insurance money, payable in case the death occurred before the expiration of the policy, went to the legal representatives of the assured, and was not assignable, and that the assignment not taking effect, Hunter had no interest in the policy, and therefore if he did feloniously cause the death, the fact could have had no effect in controlling the payment.
 </p>
<p>
 Assuming this to be the reason for excluding the evidence offered, the ruling cannot be upheld. The position that the assignment did not take effect because the assured died before the expiration of the policy is untenable. The provision for payment in such case to his legal representatives was intended to meet the contingency of his dying without having disposed of his interest, and not to limit his power over the contract during his life, and pass the insurance to those who should represent him after his death. The term "legal representatives" is not necessarily restricted to the personal representatives of one deceased, but is sufficiently broad to cover all persons who, with respect to his property, stand in his place and represent his interest, whether transferred to them by his act or by operation of law. It may in this case include assigns as well as executors and administrators.
 <em>
 New York Life Insurance Co. v. Flack,
 </em>
 3 Md. 341.
 </p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance, without restrictive words, is assignable by the assured for a valuable consideration equally with any other chose in action where the assignment is not made to cover a mere speculative risk and thus evade the law against wager policies, and payment thereof may be enforced for the benefit of the assignee, and, under the system of procedure
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="598">
 Page 117 U. S. 598
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in many states, in his name.
 <em>
 Warnock v. Davis,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis">
 104 U. S. 775
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis#780">
 104 U. S. 780
 </a>
</span>
 ;
 <em>
 Archibald v. Mutual Ins. Co. of Chicago,
 </em>
 38 Wis. 542, 545;
 <em>
 De Ronge v. Elliott,
 </em>
 23 N.J.Eq. 487, 495. The assignee here, Hunter, represented that he was the special partner of Armstrong and had placed $5,000 in the partnership, and was apprehensive that he might be charged as a general partner. If he was a special partner, the contract was not a wager policy, and as it was not a contract for the benefit of the wife of the assured, it does not fall within those cases where, for the protection of the beneficiary, the power of the assured to divert the course of payment is restricted.
 </p>
<p>
 The assignment conveying to Hunter the whole interest of the assured, his representatives alone would have a valid claim under it if the policy were not void in its inception. Proof, therefore, that he caused the death of the assured by felonious means must necessarily have defeated a recovery, and the court erred in refusing to admit testimony tending to prove that such was the fact.
 </p>
<p>
 The theory of the defense is that the purpose of Hunter in obtaining the insurance was to cheat and defraud the company. In support of that position, evidence that he effected insurances upon the life of Armstrong in other companies at or about the same time for a like fraudulent purpose was admissible. A repetition of acts of the same character naturally indicates the same purpose in all of them, and if, when considered together, they cannot be reasonably explained without ascribing a particular motive to the perpetrator, such motive will be considered as prompting each act. A creditor has an insurable interest in the life of his debtor, and may very properly procure an insurance upon it for an amount sufficient to secure his debt; but if he takes out policies in different companies at or nearly the same time, and thus increases the insurance far beyond any reasonable security for the debt, an inquiry at once arises as to his motive, and it may be considered as governing him in each insurance. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/80913/castle-vs-bullard#173">
 Castle v. Bullard,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 23 How. 173, where the defendants were charged with having fraudulently sold the goods of the plaintiff, evidence that they had committed similar
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="599">
 Page 117 U. S. 599
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 fraudulent acts at or about the same time was allowed with a view to establish their alleged intent with respect to the matters in issue. The Court said:
 </p>
<p>
 "Similar fraudulent acts are admissible in cases of this description if committed at or about the same time, and when the same motive may reasonably be supposed to exist, with a view to establish the intent of the defendant in respect to the matters charged against him in the declaration."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/81596/lincoln-vs-claflin">
 Lincoln v. Claflin,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Wall. 132, an action was brought for fraudulently obtaining property, and evidence of other frauds of a like character committed by the defendants at or near the same time was held to be admissible. "Its admissibility," said the Court,
 </p>
<p>
 "is placed on the ground that where transactions of a similar character executed by the same parties are closely connected in time, the inference is reasonable that they proceed from the same motive. The principle is asserted in
 <em>
 Carry v. Hotailing,
 </em>
 1 Hill 311, and is sustained by numerous authorities. The case of fraud, as there stated, is among the few exceptions to the general rule that other offenses of the accused are not relevant to establish the main charge. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins">
 Butler v. Watkins,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 13 Wall. 456,
 <span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins#464">
 80 U. S. 464
 </a>
</span>
 , speaking on the same subject, this Court said:"
 </p>
<p>
 "In actions for fraud, large latitude is always given to the admission of evidence. If a motive exist prompting to a particular line of conduct, and it be shown that in pursuing that line a defendant has deceived and defrauded one person, it may justly be inferred that similar conduct toward another at or about the same time and in relation to a like subject was actuated by the same spirit."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
 Bottomley v. United States,
 </em>
 1 Story 135, 144, Mr. Justice Story held the same doctrine and cited several instances of its application. Thus, in the case of a prosecution for uttering counterfeit money, the fact that the prisoner has in his possession, or has uttered, other counterfeit money is held to be proper evidence to show his guilty knowledge, and upon an indictment for receiving stolen goods, evidence that the prisoner had received at various other times different parcels of goods which had been stolen from the same persons is held admissible in proof of his guilty knowledge. So, on an indictment for a conspiracy to create public discontent and disaffection, proof is admissible against
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="600">
 Page 117 U. S. 600
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the prisoner that at another meeting, held for an object professedly similar at which the prisoner was chairman, resolutions were passed of a character to create such discontent and disaffection. "In short," said the learned justice,
 </p>
<p>
 "wherever the intent or guilty knowledge of a party is a material ingredient in the issue of a cause, these collateral facts, tending to establish such intent or knowledge, are proper evidence. In many cases of fraud it would be otherwise impossible satisfactorily to establish the true nature and character of the act."
 </p>
<p>
 Many other authorities might be cited to the same purport.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence offered that Hunter obtained insurances in other companies on the life of Armstrong at or near the same time was, under these authorities, clearly admissible. It tended to establish the theory of the defendant that the insurance in this case was obtained by Hunter upon the premeditated purpose to cheat and defraud the company. Especially would it have had that effect if followed by proof of the manner of the death of Armstrong.
 </p>
<p>
 But, independently of any proof of the motives of Hunter in obtaining the policy, and even assuming that they were just and proper, he forfeited all rights under it when, to secure its immediate payment, he murdered the assured. It would be a reproach to the jurisprudence of the country if one could recover insurance money payable on the death of the party whose life he had feloniously taken. As well might he recover insurance money upon a building that he had willfully fired.
 </p>
<p>
 This view renders it unnecessary to consider the effect upon the policy of the statements made in the application of the assured as to the amount of other insurances on his life.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MATTHEW, did not sit in this case nor take part in its decision.
 </p>
<br/>
<br/>
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 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong - 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
<br/>
<span>

 U.S. Supreme Court
 

 New York Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong, 117 U.S. 591 (1886)
 
</span>

<p>
<b>
 New York Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Armstrong
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Argued March 16-17, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 Decided April 5, 1886
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
 117 U.S. 591
 </b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
</b>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
 STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
 </em>
</p>
<p>
<em>
</em>
<em>
 Syllabus
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance payable to the assured or his assigns at a future day named, or if he should die before that day to his legal representatives within sixty days after notice and proof of his death, is assignable if the assignment is not made to cover a speculative risk, and an assignment of it passes to the assignee the right to receive the sum insured in case of the death of the assured before the day named.
 </p>
<p>
 Proof that the assignee of a policy of life insurance caused the death of the assured by felonious means is sufficient to defeat a recovery on the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 In a suit brought by an assignee of a policy of life insurance, obtained on the application of the assured at the instigation of the assignee, to recover of the insurers after the death of the assured, the defendants set up that it was plaintiff's purpose, in procuring the insurance to be obtained, to cheat and defraud defendants, and offered to show that he effected insurances upon the life of the assured in other companies at or about the same time for the like fraudulent purpose.
 <em>
 Held
 </em>
 that the evidence was admissible.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="392">
 Page 117 U. S. 392
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 On the 8th of December, 1877, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York issued a policy of insurance on the life of John M. Armstrong, of Philadelphia, for $10,000. It was what is known as an endowment policy -- that is, a policy payable to the assured if he live a designated time, but to some other person named if he die before the expiration of that time. It was payable, subject to certain conditions, to the assured
 <em>
 or his assigns
 </em>
 on the 8th of December, 1897 at the office of the company in New York, or, if he should die before that time, to
 <em>
 his legal representatives,
 </em>
 within sixty days after notice and proof of his death. It recited that it was issued in consideration of his application and of the statements contained therein, which, whether written by his own hand or not, every person accepting or acquiring any interest in the contract adopted and warranted to be true, and the only statements upon which the contract was made, and in further consideration of the payment of $138.60 quarterly each year during the continuance of the policy.
 </p>
<p>
 On the 25th of January, 1878, Armstrong died, and his widow was appointed administratrix of his estate. The required notice and proof of his death were furnished, and the insurance money not being paid, she brought this action for its recovery in a court of the State of New York, and, on motion of the company, it was removed to the circuit court of the United States.
 </p>
<p>
 The company set up several special defenses to the action. One of them was that the policy was obtained by one Benjamin Hunter with the intent to cheat and defraud the company by compassing the death of the assured by felonious means and collecting the amount of the insurance, and which he attempted to carry out by causing his death. Another was that the statements made in the application of the assured as to previous insurances upon his life were false, the amounts being much larger than those stated.
 </p>
<p>
 On the trial, it appeared in evidence that on the 3d or 4th of December, 1877, Hunter made some inquiries at the office of the company in Philadelphia as to the rates of insurance on the life of a person aged forty or forty-one years upon an
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="593">
 Page 117 U. S. 593
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 endowment policy of twenty years, stating that he thought of insuring for his own benefit the life of a person in the sum of $10,000. After some conversation on the subject of insurance generally, he left, stating that the person to be insured would probably call in a day or two. On the 5th of the month, Armstrong called and informed the agent that he came at the request of Hunter to make application for a life insurance. He was thereupon examined, and after answering the questions usually propounded to applicants, and among others those in relation to existing insurances on his life, he signed a formal application, leaving, however, blank the place for the amount of the insurance which he desired, and for the answer to the question touching the payments of the premium. He also executed an assignment of the policy, leaving blanks for its date and for that of the policy, and for the name and residence of the assignee. This was his entire connection with the transaction. In the afternoon of the same day or on the following morning, Hunter informed the office that the amount of the insurance desired was $10,000, and that it would be more convenient for him to pay the premiums quarterly. The term "quarterly" and the sum "$10,000" were therefore, upon his instructions, inserted in the application, which was then sent to New York, and a policy was there executed by the company. Before the receipt of the policy in Philadelphia, he visited the office and stated that as he intended to leave the city and be absent for some time, he would pay the premium, and that his lawyer would call for the policy. He accordingly paid the stipulated premium and the fee for the policy. Some days afterwards, his lawyer received the policy and also the assignment, which was attached, the blanks having been filled. They were subsequently delivered to Hunter, and were found in his possession at his death.
 </p>
<p>
 Within six weeks after the policy was issued, Armstrong was attacked at night in a street in Camden, New Jersey, and received blows on his head which fractured his skull, from the effects of which he died two days afterwards. Suspicion fell upon Hunter as the perpetrator or instigator of the attack. He was accordingly arrested, and was indicted and tried for the
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="594">
 Page 117 U. S. 594
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 murder of Armstrong in one of the courts of that state, and was convicted. He was sentenced to death, and was hanged. By stipulation, the testimony of any living witness might be read from the record of his testimony in that case with like effect as if he were present and testified in this action, subject to all legal objections to its relevancy, competency, and materiality. As the first step in proof of the defense that the policy was obtained to cheat and defraud the company, the defendant offered to read from that record the testimony of a witness to show that Hunter, being at the time the sole owner of the policy, intentionally caused the death of Armstrong; but the court, upon objection of the plaintiff, excluded the testimony, and an exception was taken. The defendant offered in different forms to make this proof, but the court refused to receive it, accompanying its ruling in one instance with this statement to counsel:
 </p>
<p>
 "I will take your offer as broad as you choose to make it -- that you offer the testimony to prove that Hunter procured the application for the policy on Armstrong to be made, and that he did so for the purpose of having the insurance effected, and then disposing of Armstrong, and then getting the money; make it as broad as that, and I will exclude it."
 </p>
<p>
 The defendant also offered to prove that about the time the policy in suit was issued, Hunter, with like fraudulent intent, obtained policies of insurance in two other companies upon the life of Armstrong, one made directly to himself and the other to Armstrong, with an assignment executed simultaneously to himself, and that he paid the premiums thereon, one of the policies being for $10,000 and the other for $6,000, but, upon the objection of the plaintiff, the testimony was excluded, and an exception taken.
 </p>
<p>
 The court, among other things, instructed the jury in substance that the contract of insurance was divisible; that the last part, providing for the payment of the insurance money to the legal representatives of Armstrong in case he should die before the expiration of the policy, was not assignable; that his assignment only transferred the interest payable at the expiration of the policy, and that the plaintiff was his legal representative,
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="595">
 Page 117 U. S. 595
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 entitled to the policy, and to whatever was due upon it. The defendant excepted. A verdict for the full amount of the policy, with interest, was rendered, and judgment entered thereon. 11 F. 573.
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="597">
 Page 117 U. S. 597
 </a>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE FIELD, after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the Court.
 </p>
<p>
 From the charge of the court and its opinion on the motion for a new trial, 11 F. 573, it appears that the refusal to admit testimony of Hunter's fraudulent purpose in procuring the policy and his feloniously causing, while the sole owner of it, the death of the assured was founded upon the assumption that the insurance money, payable in case the death occurred before the expiration of the policy, went to the legal representatives of the assured, and was not assignable, and that the assignment not taking effect, Hunter had no interest in the policy, and therefore if he did feloniously cause the death, the fact could have had no effect in controlling the payment.
 </p>
<p>
 Assuming this to be the reason for excluding the evidence offered, the ruling cannot be upheld. The position that the assignment did not take effect because the assured died before the expiration of the policy is untenable. The provision for payment in such case to his legal representatives was intended to meet the contingency of his dying without having disposed of his interest, and not to limit his power over the contract during his life, and pass the insurance to those who should represent him after his death. The term "legal representatives" is not necessarily restricted to the personal representatives of one deceased, but is sufficiently broad to cover all persons who, with respect to his property, stand in his place and represent his interest, whether transferred to them by his act or by operation of law. It may in this case include assigns as well as executors and administrators.
 <em>
 New York Life Insurance Co. v. Flack,
 </em>
 3 Md. 341.
 </p>
<p>
 A policy of life insurance, without restrictive words, is assignable by the assured for a valuable consideration equally with any other chose in action where the assignment is not made to cover a mere speculative risk and thus evade the law against wager policies, and payment thereof may be enforced for the benefit of the assignee, and, under the system of procedure
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="598">
 Page 117 U. S. 598
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 in many states, in his name.
 <em>
 Warnock v. Davis,
 </em>
<span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis">
 104 U. S. 775
 </a>
</span>
 ,
 <span>
<a href="/case/84209/warnock-vs-davis#780">
 104 U. S. 780
 </a>
</span>
 ;
 <em>
 Archibald v. Mutual Ins. Co. of Chicago,
 </em>
 38 Wis. 542, 545;
 <em>
 De Ronge v. Elliott,
 </em>
 23 N.J.Eq. 487, 495. The assignee here, Hunter, represented that he was the special partner of Armstrong and had placed $5,000 in the partnership, and was apprehensive that he might be charged as a general partner. If he was a special partner, the contract was not a wager policy, and as it was not a contract for the benefit of the wife of the assured, it does not fall within those cases where, for the protection of the beneficiary, the power of the assured to divert the course of payment is restricted.
 </p>
<p>
 The assignment conveying to Hunter the whole interest of the assured, his representatives alone would have a valid claim under it if the policy were not void in its inception. Proof, therefore, that he caused the death of the assured by felonious means must necessarily have defeated a recovery, and the court erred in refusing to admit testimony tending to prove that such was the fact.
 </p>
<p>
 The theory of the defense is that the purpose of Hunter in obtaining the insurance was to cheat and defraud the company. In support of that position, evidence that he effected insurances upon the life of Armstrong in other companies at or about the same time for a like fraudulent purpose was admissible. A repetition of acts of the same character naturally indicates the same purpose in all of them, and if, when considered together, they cannot be reasonably explained without ascribing a particular motive to the perpetrator, such motive will be considered as prompting each act. A creditor has an insurable interest in the life of his debtor, and may very properly procure an insurance upon it for an amount sufficient to secure his debt; but if he takes out policies in different companies at or nearly the same time, and thus increases the insurance far beyond any reasonable security for the debt, an inquiry at once arises as to his motive, and it may be considered as governing him in each insurance. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/80913/castle-vs-bullard#173">
 Castle v. Bullard,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 23 How. 173, where the defendants were charged with having fraudulently sold the goods of the plaintiff, evidence that they had committed similar
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="599">
 Page 117 U. S. 599
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 fraudulent acts at or about the same time was allowed with a view to establish their alleged intent with respect to the matters in issue. The Court said:
 </p>
<p>
 "Similar fraudulent acts are admissible in cases of this description if committed at or about the same time, and when the same motive may reasonably be supposed to exist, with a view to establish the intent of the defendant in respect to the matters charged against him in the declaration."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/81596/lincoln-vs-claflin">
 Lincoln v. Claflin,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 7 Wall. 132, an action was brought for fraudulently obtaining property, and evidence of other frauds of a like character committed by the defendants at or near the same time was held to be admissible. "Its admissibility," said the Court,
 </p>
<p>
 "is placed on the ground that where transactions of a similar character executed by the same parties are closely connected in time, the inference is reasonable that they proceed from the same motive. The principle is asserted in
 <em>
 Carry v. Hotailing,
 </em>
 1 Hill 311, and is sustained by numerous authorities. The case of fraud, as there stated, is among the few exceptions to the general rule that other offenses of the accused are not relevant to establish the main charge. In
 <em>
<span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins">
 Butler v. Watkins,
 </a>
</span>
</em>
 13 Wall. 456,
 <span>
<a href="/case/82102/butler-vs-watkins#464">
 80 U. S. 464
 </a>
</span>
 , speaking on the same subject, this Court said:"
 </p>
<p>
 "In actions for fraud, large latitude is always given to the admission of evidence. If a motive exist prompting to a particular line of conduct, and it be shown that in pursuing that line a defendant has deceived and defrauded one person, it may justly be inferred that similar conduct toward another at or about the same time and in relation to a like subject was actuated by the same spirit."
 </p>
<p>
 In
 <em>
 Bottomley v. United States,
 </em>
 1 Story 135, 144, Mr. Justice Story held the same doctrine and cited several instances of its application. Thus, in the case of a prosecution for uttering counterfeit money, the fact that the prisoner has in his possession, or has uttered, other counterfeit money is held to be proper evidence to show his guilty knowledge, and upon an indictment for receiving stolen goods, evidence that the prisoner had received at various other times different parcels of goods which had been stolen from the same persons is held admissible in proof of his guilty knowledge. So, on an indictment for a conspiracy to create public discontent and disaffection, proof is admissible against
 </p>
<p>
<a class="page-number" id="600">
 Page 117 U. S. 600
 </a>
</p>
<p>
 the prisoner that at another meeting, held for an object professedly similar at which the prisoner was chairman, resolutions were passed of a character to create such discontent and disaffection. "In short," said the learned justice,
 </p>
<p>
 "wherever the intent or guilty knowledge of a party is a material ingredient in the issue of a cause, these collateral facts, tending to establish such intent or knowledge, are proper evidence. In many cases of fraud it would be otherwise impossible satisfactorily to establish the true nature and character of the act."
 </p>
<p>
 Many other authorities might be cited to the same purport.
 </p>
<p>
 The evidence offered that Hunter obtained insurances in other companies on the life of Armstrong at or near the same time was, under these authorities, clearly admissible. It tended to establish the theory of the defendant that the insurance in this case was obtained by Hunter upon the premeditated purpose to cheat and defraud the company. Especially would it have had that effect if followed by proof of the manner of the death of Armstrong.
 </p>
<p>
 But, independently of any proof of the motives of Hunter in obtaining the policy, and even assuming that they were just and proper, he forfeited all rights under it when, to secure its immediate payment, he murdered the assured. It would be a reproach to the jurisprudence of the country if one could recover insurance money payable on the death of the party whose life he had feloniously taken. As well might he recover insurance money upon a building that he had willfully fired.
 </p>
<p>
 This view renders it unnecessary to consider the effect upon the policy of the statements made in the application of the assured as to the amount of other insurances on his life.
 </p>
<p>
<em>
 Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
 </em>
</p>
<p>
 MR. JUSTICE MATTHEW, did not sit in this case nor take part in its decision.
 </p>
<br/>
<br/>
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LAW: Page 117 U. S. 599 , Page 117 U. S. 600

GPE: New York Mut, New York Mut, U.S., New York Mutual Life Insurance Company, U.S., NEW YORK, Philadelphia, New York, the United States, Philadelphia, New York, Philadelphia, Camden, New Jersey, Chicago, N.J.Eq, United States, MR

ORG: Armstrong - 117, U.S. Supreme Court, Syllabus, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, the State of New York, Court, New York Life Insurance Co., Castle v. Bullard, Court, Lincoln, Court, Court

DATE: 1886, 1886, March 16-17, 1886 , April 5, 1886, a future day, that day, sixty days, the day, the 8th of December, 1877, the 8th of December, 1897, sixty days, quarterly, the 25th of January, 1878, 4th of December, 1877, forty or forty-one years, twenty years, a day, the 5th of the month, quarterly, quarterly, Some days, six weeks, two days

PERSON: Armstrong, John M. Armstrong, Armstrong, Benjamin Hunter, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, Hunter, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, Armstrong, Armstrong, Hunter, Armstrong, Armstrong, Armstrong, Hunter, Hunter, Warnock v. Davis, Archibald, De Ronge v. Elliott, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, Hunter, Armstrong, Claflin, Carry v. Hotailing, Butler, Bottomley, Justice Story, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, Armstrong, Hunter, MATTHEW

CARDINAL: 117, 117, One, one, 3d, two, one, one, two, 11, 11, one, 3, 341, 38, 545, 23, 487, 495, 23, 173, 7, 132, 1, 13, 456, one, 1, 135, 144

MONEY: 10,000, 138.60, 10,000, 10,000, 10,000, 10,000, 6,000, 5,000

TIME: the afternoon, the following morning, night

ORDINAL: first

FAC: Wis. 542

PERCENT: 80 U. S. 464